Immediate contact reactions

Tanaka S, Matsumoto Y, Dlova N, Ostlere LS, Goldsmith PC, Rycroft RJ, Basketter DA, White IR, Banerjee P, McFadden JP. Immediate contact reactions to fragrance mix constituents and Myroxylon pereirae resin. Contact Dermatitis 2004 51(1) 20-1. 

Clinical data have indicated that sodium benzoate can produce nonimmunological contact uricartia and nonimmuno-logical immediate contact reactions. " However, it is also recognized that these reactions are strictly cutaneous, and can therefore be used safely at concentrations up to 5%. However, this nonimmunological phenomenon should be considered when designing formulations for infants and children. 

QSAR, statistical, and computational methods are used to determine the possibility that a material is a sensitizer and the potential severity of sensitization. In vivo methods are useful to diagnose skin disorders such as drug eruptions, contact dermatitis, immediate contact reactions (contact urticaria), and more. Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease, marked by a delayed skin response following skin contact with an allergic chemical. Test groups must be very large to assess this effect. To test for ACD, a test article or sample(s) must be initially exposed to the same skin site/area (induction phase). After a rest period of a week or more (others say over... 

Lammintausta K, Kalimo K (1981) Atopy and hand dermatitis in hospital wet work. Contact Dermatitis 7 301-308 Lantinga H, Nater JP, Coenraads PJ (1984) Prevalence, incidence and course of eczema on the hands and forearms in a sample of the general population. Contact Dermatitis 10 135-139 Lahti A (1995) Immediate contact reactions. In Rycroft RJG, Menne T, Frosch PJ, Benezra C (eds) Textbook of contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 62-74... 

Contact urticaria has been defined as a wheal-and-flare response that develops within 30-60 min after exposure of the skin to certain agents (von Krogh and Maibach 1982). Symptoms of immediate contact reactions can be classified according to their morphology and severity ... 

Itching, tingling and burning with erythema is the weakest type of immediate contact reaction. 

Occupational contact urticaria (OCU) refers to those immediate contact reactions caused by exposure to substances in the work environment. Contact urticaria is common in occupational settings [11], and its prevalence should be expected to increase because of workers increasing exposure to a variety of industrial materials. 

Not only contact urticaria may produce dermatitis, but immediate contact reactions aggravating chronic dermatitis have been reported [2, 4, 6,12]. A previous irritant contact dermatitis produced by the working environment may predispose one not only to allergic contact dermatitis but also to immediate contact... 

The mechanisms underlying immediate-contact reactions are divided into two main types immunologic and nonimmunologic. However, there are substances that cause immediate contact reactions whose mechanisms (immunologic or not) remain unknown [9, 10, 14]. 

O er flour additives have been reported as cause of immediate contact reactions in bakers such as sorbic acid and, in some countries, ammonium persulphate [64]. Egg allergy with immediate contact reactions and respiratory symptoms have been reported in two confectionery workers after handling egg white [43]. One of them complained of gastrointestinal and mouth symptoms after ingestion of eggs. Skin tests were positive for different egg components, namely, whole egg, egg white, yolk, ovoalbumin and ovomucoid. Specific IgE RAST to egg white and yolk was found. 

Immediate contact reactions to fruits and vegetables are fairly common among food industry workers (kitchen personnel, sandwich makers, cooks, etc.). Several cases of contact urticaria [68-83] even associated with anaphylaxis and PCD [26, 30-32, 42, 84-86] have been reported in food handlers and also housewives. 

Food workers are also exposed to animal products (Table 5). Not only raw meat (beef [95-97], chicken [98, 99], lamb [12], pork [86]), but any other part of the animal handled, such as skin (chicken [99], turkey [12]), liver (chicken [100], calf [101], pork [98]), gut (pig [101]) and blood (cow, pig [102]), (Table 2) have been found to cause contact urticaria or PCD. Animal derivatives such as milk [103,104], cheese [105,106] or [39, 43, 67], as well as fish [107-109] and other seafood [30, 110, 111] have also been responsible for immediate contact reactions. The exposed workers are... 

Woods can also cause immediate contact reactions in exposed workers. OCU and respiratory symptoms from tropical woods (Lauan, Philippine, Red Mahogany) [156] and obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon) [157-159] have been described in wood workers and carpenters. 

There are several reports in the literature of cases of occupational contact dermatitis and contact urticaria of animal origin in veterinary surgeons, especially those who perform obstetric work with cows [160-164]. Obstetric work is traditionally performed without rubber gloves, and direct contact with obstetric fluids and other proteinaceous materials is responsible for many immediate contact reactions. Animal hair, blood and saliva [163-166] have also been reported as causative agents (Table 5). Hjorth et al. [161] studied 36 veterinary surgeons with incapacitating hand dermatitis. Sixteen of them stated that vaginal or rectal examinations could cause a flare of dermatitis scratch test with obstetric fluid from cow was performed on... 

Other causes of immediate contact reactions in laboratory workers are medicaments and latex gloves... 

The ability of occupational agents to produce immediate contact reactions must be specifically investigated, as has been the case for delayed-type contact sensitizers. Studies on the mechanisms of immediate contact reactions, development of appropriate models and standardization of diagnostic tests constitute a challenge for further research. 

Lahti A, Maibach HI (1987) Immediate contact reactions contact urticaria syndrome. Semin Dermatol 6 313-320... 

Non-immunologic contact urticaria (NICU) and other non-immunologic immediate contact reactions (NIICRs) of the skin comprise a group of inflammatory reactions that appear within minutes to an hour after contact with the eliciting substance and usually disappear within a few hours. These reactions can also be called immediate-type irritancy. NIICRs occur without previous sensitization in most exposed individuals, and they are the most common type of immediate contact reaction (Lahti 1995). 

Immediate contact reaction Immunologic (allergic) or non-immunologic (irritant), urticarial or non-urticarial reactions does not define the appearance of the reaction Allergic and non-allergic urticarial reactions Immediate-type irritancy Non-allergic urticarial or non-urticarial reactions... 

Hannuksela A, Lahti A, Hannuksela M (1989) Nonimmunologic immediate contact reactions to three isomers of pyridine carboxaldehyde. In Frosch PJ, Dooms-Goossens A, Lacha-pelle J-M, Rycroft RJG, Scheper RJ (eds) Current topics in contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, PP 448-452... 

Hannuksela A, Niinim i A, Hannuksela M (1993) Size of the test area does not affect the result of the repeated open application test. Contact Dermatitis 28 299-300 Hjorfti N, Roed-Petersen J (1976) Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 2 28-42 Johansson J, Lahti A (1988) Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit non-immunologic immediate contact reactions. Contact Dermatitis 19 161-165 Kujala T, Lahti A (1989) Duration of inhibition of non-immunologic immediate contact reactions by acetylsalicylic acid. Contact Dermatitis 21 60-61... 

Lahti A, Oikarinen A, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O, Hannuksela M (1983) Prostaglandins in contact urticaria induced by benzoic acid. Acta Dermatol Venereol 63 425-427 Lahti A, Vaananen A, Kokkonen E-L, Hannuksela M (1987) Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits non-immunologic contact urticaria. Contact Dermatitis 16 133-135 Lahti A, Kopola H, Harila A, Myllyla R, Hannuksela M (1993a) Assessment of skin erythema by eye, laser Doppler flowmeter, spectroradiometer, two-channel erythema meter and Minolta chroma meter. Arch Dermatol Res 285 278-282 Lahti A, Poutiainen A-M, Hannuksela M (1993b) Alcohol vehicles in tests for non-immunological immediate contact reactions. Contact Dermatitis 29 22-25... 

Larmi E (1989) Systemic effect of ultraviolet irradiation on nonimmunologic immediate contact reactions to benzoic acid and meAyl nicotinate. Acta Dermatol Venereol 69 296-301... 

Maibach HI, Johnson HL (1975) Contact urticaria syndrome. Contact urticaria to diethyltoluamide (immediate-type hypersensitivity). Arch Dermatol 111 726-730 Ylipieti S, Lahti A (1989) Effect of the vehicle on non-immunologic immediate contact reactions. Contact Dermatitis 21 105-106... 

The anatomical distribution of the dermatitis should be consistent with the exposure, correlating with the occupational gestures and activities. The clinical appearance of contact dermatitis is habitually characterized by eczematous inflammation. A wheal-and-flare reaction is the prototype of immediate contact urticaria. However, it is impossible to make a distinction based exclusively in morphological criteria. Neither allergic nor irritant OCD has definite clinical or histological features that can lead to the diagnosis, and immediate contact reactions are most consistently characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. 

Lahti A, Maibach HI (1987) Immediate contact reactions (contact urticaria syndrome). In Maibach HI (ed) Occupational and industri dermatology, 2nd edn. Year Book Inc, Chicago, pp 32-44... 

As a constituent of the oils of some flowers, spices and cranberries, benzoic acid also occurs naturally. It has some antimycotic (6% in Whitfeld ointment) and antibiotic properties and is capable of producing immediate contact reactions (immunological and non-immunological) in the same concentrations (Bas-ketter and Wilhelm 1996 Coverly et al. 1998). The patch-test concentration is 5% pet. Allergic reactions are considered uncommon. 

Patients with a long-term history of ulcer treatment are particularly at risk of developing contact sensitization ( Knudsen and Avnstorp 1991). Some authors propose that chlorhexidine should not be used on mucous membranes and lips, because of the risk -although considered very rare - of anaphylactic reactions (Okano et al. 1989). This is considered an immunological immediate contact reaction. The patch-... 

Barriere H (1973) La dermite cutaneomuceuse caustique du trichlorocarbanilide. Therapeutique 49 685 Basketter DA, Wilhelm KP (1996) Studies on non-immune immediate contact reactions in an unselected population. Contact Dermatitis 35 237-240... 

Safford RJ, Basketter DA, Allenby CF, et al. (1990) Immediate contact reactions to chemicals in the fragrance mix and a study of the quenching action of eugenol. Br J Dermatol 123 595-606... 

Presence in cosmetics not always proven contact allergy sometimes established by routine testing Has caused pigmented cosmetic/contact dermatitis Has caused phototoxicity/photoallergy Has caused immediate contact reactions (contact urticaria)... 

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