Inflammatory skin disorders

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is the acquired presence of darker macules and patches of skin occurring at sites of previous cutaneous inflammatory conditions. The processes preceding the altered skin color include mechanical injuries, allergic reactions, primary inflammatory skin disorders, and therapeutic interventions. 

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disorder which is estimated to affect 1.5% to 3% of the Caucasian population.1,2 It may present at any age.3,4 Ethnic factors influence disease prevalence. In the United States, prevalence among blacks (0.45% to 0.7%) is lower than in the remainder of the United States population (1.4% to 4.6%).1 Between 10% and 30% of patients with psoriasis will also have psoriatic arthritis.5 In 10% to 15% of psoriatic patients with arthritis, joint symptoms actually appear prior to skin involvement.3 Clinical depression is another frequent comorbid illness in these patients. A recent United States survey showed that 8% to 10% of psoriatic patients aged 18 to 54 years old actively contemplated suicide because of their psoriasis.6... 

The symptoms of many chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are caused in large part by an excessive and chronic inflammatory response and are therefore potential human diseases for drugs which inhibit the SSAO/VAP-1 activity. Notably, it has been recently shown that patients suffering from either atopic eczema or psoriasis, both chronic inflammatory skin disorders, demonstrate an increase in SSAO/VAP-1 positive vessels in their skin compared to skin from healthy controls [47,48]. 

Van Beelen AJ, Teunissen MB, Kapsen-berg ML, de Jong EC Interleukin-17 in inflammatory skin disorders. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 7 374-381. 

Nicotine is most often used in replacement therapy for tobacco addiction, but also has some potential uses to treat other conditions. It has been helpful in stopping bleeding in ulcerative colitis. Nicotine gum is being tested in conjunction with Tourette syndrome where it has been seen to lessen the severity and frequency of tics. Nicotine may reduce tremors in Parkinson s patients because it increases dopamine levels, which are reduced in these patients. It also improves attention in Alzheimer s patients. Nicotine is being studied for its effect on dystonias (movement disorders), chronic pain syndrome, sleep apnea, ulcers, attention deficit disorder, obesity, and chronic inflammatory skin disorders as well. 

In the work by Forsatz and Snow, three APIs and one excipient were determined by HPLC-UV and HPLC-CAD .22 The APIs were mometasone furorate, a moderately potent glucocorticoid steroid used in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders, albuterol, a short-acting /32-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, and Loratadine, a drug used to treat allergies. The excipient evaluated was lactose. In this work, the signal-to-noise ratio was compared at 10 ng for each of the APIs. Sensitivity was comparable for both albuterol and loratadine when compared to HPLC-UV, while CAD offered... 

The FDA has approved several cell therapy products as devices for skin replacements for the treatment of acute (e.g., burns) and chronic (e.g., diabetic ulcers) inflammatory skin disorders. 

Desferrioxamine and several related iron chelators have been demonstrated to inhibit the proliferation of a variety of malignant cell lines [148,149] as well proving inhibitory in acute neonatal leukaemia [150]. In addition desferrioxamine also exhibits in vivo anti-malarial activity in both humans and rats [151,152], Iron chelators have also been used to treat the inflammatory skin disorder, psoriasis, where there is hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and T-lymphocytes [153,154], A general problem still to be overcome with a number of powerful iron chelators is their lack of cell specificity and thus general toxicity for example to bone marrow function [144],... 

Etiology. Acne rosacea, better described as rosacea, may be associated with acne but is not caused by it. Rosacea is a chronic, fecial, inflammatory skin disorder frequently related to infectious blepharitis. Rosacea affects the face, nose, chin, and forehead. It has been reported to occur in up to 10% of the population and roughly 14 million Americans. It affects mostly fair-skinned individuals with an onset of between 20 and 50 years. It is characterized by periods of exacerbation that may be mild to very severe. One of the many forms of rosacea is ocular rosacea. 

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects the epidermis and is characterized by eczema and itching. Two percent of the adult population is afflicted by atopic dermatitis, often with the earliest manifestation first appearing in childhood.The peak incidence occurs during the fourth or fifth decade.There is a femily tendency as well as a predisposition to allergy and asthma. Periorbital inflammation is a common manifestation of atopy. Acute manifestations include exudative lesions, erythema, and edema. Chronic manifestations include dry scaly lesions with lichenification. 

Halciderm haldnonide. halcinonide [ban, inn.jan, usan] (Halciderm Halog and many other names) is a very potent corticosteroid, a GLUCOCORTICOID with ANTIINFLAMMATORY and ANTIALLERGIC properties. It is used topically to treat inflammatory skin disorders, such as recalcitrant eczema and psoriasis, which are unresponsive to less potent corticosteroids. 

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by recurrent exacerbations and remissions of thickened, erythematous, and seating plaques. The clinical appearance of psoriasis may be cosmetically disfiguring, and the disease may be physically and emotionally debilitating, especially for patients with severe disease. 

Retinoids are used in the treatment of diverse diseases and are effective in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders, skin mahgnancies, hyperproliferative disorders, photoaging, and many other disorders. Topical retinoids can normalize disordered keratinization in sebaceous folhcles and reduce inflammation, and they may enhance the penetration of other topical medications. Specific retinoids and their uses in the treatment of dermatologic disorders are discussed below. 

FIGURE 62-2 Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Psoriasis is a prototypical inflammatory skin disorder in which specific T-cell populations are stimulated by as yet undefined antigen(s) presented by antigen-presenting cells. The T cells release proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IFN-ythat induce keratinocyte and endothelial cell proliferation. 

Gold drugs have been used to treat a variety of other rheumatic diseases including psoriatic arthritis , a form of arthritis associated with psoriasis, juvenile arthritis, palindromic rheumatism and discoid lupus erythematosus . Gold therapy has also been investigated as a treatment for various inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis, pemphigus and urticaria. ... 

Fatty acids play an important role in the barrier function of skin and represent a major source of proinflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and other lipids in inflammatory skin disorders. This book combines the two major functions of fatty acids in skin biology. 

Dapsone-induced photosensitivity is a rare hypersusceptibility reaction to sulfones and can occur in patients with inflammatory skin disorders treated with dapsone. Only 12 cases have been reported. Photoallergic reactions are based on an immunological mechanism and can be provoked by U V radiation in a minority of people, with prior sensitization to the molecule. The characteristic sulfone group (C—SO2—C) present in the parent molecule, as well as its metabolites, is responsible. 

AD is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder conunonly associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma (1). The diagnosis of AD is based on clinical criteria first described by Hanifin and Rajka (2). The major features include pruritus, typical morphology and distribution of the skin lesions, and a chronic relapsing course. 

---