Fuel reduction

ABSTRACT We present a concise review of recent advances in technology for producing biocarbons, and new results concerning the electrical conductivity of biocarbons. In light of the fact that biocarbons can be produced in yields which attain the theoretical limit, we recommend that their potential as fuels, reductants, adsorbents, and electrodes be more fiilly explored. In particular, we recommend research aimed at the development of a biocarbon fuel cell. 

The primary use of coke is a fuel reductant and support for other raw materials in iron-making blast furnaces. Coke is also used to synthesize calcium carbide and to manufacture graphite and electrodes, and coke-oven gas is used as a fuel. Coal tar, a by-product of the production of coke from coal, is used in the clinical treatment of skin disorders such as eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis. 

The smelting unit can be made autogenous with 65% 02 in air.20 Trials at Naoshima21 have demonstrated that throughput can be increased by 50% when the oxygen-enrichment level is increased from 7 to 18%. A concurrent fuel reduction of 70% of the normal requirement has also been achieved. S02 content of off-gas was increased from 14 to 24% with a volume reduction of 88%. 

ULECAT group NR 2.3 MW stationary Biomass diesel Ceramic NR + Dual fuel, reduction of fuel-NOx, no net COj from biomass 26. 146... 

Fuel reduction effects of weight reduction in transportation... 

Catalytic properties High rates for fuel reduction Internal reforming capabilities High rates for oxygen reduction... 

Cameras outside the vehicle (see No. 20 in Fig. 4 [10, p. 5]), an electronic signal processing system and monitors inside the cabin, can replace the conventional mirror system [84]. Due to the regulations for vision systems for indirect vision it is approved to replace only front and ramp mirrors (Class V and VI according to [84, par. 15.2.4.2] by CMS (see [84, par. 15.2.1.1.2]. However, with the replacement of the main and wide-angle mirrors (Class II and IV) bigger fuel reductions can be achieved [21, p. 59]. 

The Ni-YSZ electrodes suffer from various degradation mechanisms, but they mainly affect the triple phase boundary (TPB) in the electrode. This is the region where the electrons, oxide ions and the fuel gases meet and is the site of the fuel reduction. In the cermet, this region is limited to the interfaces between Ni and YSZ particles which are connected to current collector and electrolyte, respectively, and are open to pores. This region is poisoned easily as the electrochemical activity concentrates impurities. 

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