Lupus erythematosus

Many patents have been issued on the use of pyrogaUol derivatives as pharmaceuticals. PyrogaUol has been used extemaUy in the form of an ointment or a solution in the treatment of skin diseases, eg, psoriasis, ringworm, and lupus erythematosus. GaUamine triethiodide (16) is an important muscle relaxant in surgery it also is used in convulsive-shock therapy. Trimethoprim (2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine) is an antimicrobial and is a component of Bactrin and Septra. Trimetazidine (l(2,3,4-trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine (Vastarel, Yosimilon) is used as a coronary vasodilator. l,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-l-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-9JT-pyrido[3,4- ]indole hydrochloride is useful as a tranquilizer (52) (see Hypnotics, sedatives, ANTICONVULSANTS, AND ANXIOLYTICS). Substituted indanones made from pyrogaUol trimethyl ether depress the central nervous system (CNS) (53). Tyrosine-and glycine(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrazides are characterized by antidepressant and anti-Parkinson activity (54). 

Therapeutic Function Lupus Erythematosus Suppressant Chemical Name Nitrilotriacetic acid bismuth complex sodium salt Common Name —... 

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis RSV, respiratory syncytial virus SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus. 

In infectious disease compounds such as ANA975 (phase I trials) and Resiquimod (phase II trails) have been developed to target Hepatitis C and genital herpes, respectively. DRS954 is a TLR-7 and 9 antagonist in pre-clinical trials for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). 

Loop diuretics are used cautiously in patients with renal dysfunction. The loop diuretics are Pregnancy Category B (ethacrynic acid and torsemide) and C drugp (furosemide and bumetanide) and must be used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation. Furosemide is used in children but should be used cautiously. The loop diuretics are used cautiously in patients with liver disease, diabetes, lupus erythematosus (may exacerbate or activate the disease), or diarrhea. Patients with... 

Lupus erythematosus, acute rheumatic carditis, systemic dermatomyositis DERMATOLOGIC DISEASES... 

The ghicocorticoids are used as replacement therapy for adrenocortical insufficiency, to treat allergic reactions, collagen diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus), dermatologic conditions, rheumatic disorders, shock, and other conditions (see Display 50-1). The anti-inflammatory activity of these hormones make them valuable as anti-inflammatories and as immunosuppressants to suppress inflammation and modify the immune response... 

Use antineoplastic, immunosuppressive, multiple sclerosis therapeutic, antiangiogenic, disease modifying drug, systemic lupus erythematosus therapeutic... 

Discoid lupus erythematosus discoid patches with adherent thick scales and follicular plugging, atrophic scarring... 

PIH can be observed after endogenous or exogenous inflammatory conditions. Essentially any disease with cutaneous inflammation can potentially result in PIH in individuals capable of producing melanin. Several skin disorders such as acne, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, incontinenti pigmenti, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, and morphea have PIH as a predominant feature. Exogenous stimuli,both... 

Hydantoln anticonvulsants may cause the appearance of positive L.E. cells and methemoglobinemia. Chloropromazlne has been Implicated In causing a syndrome like systemic lupus erythematosus with accompanying positive tests for L.E. cells and antinuclear antibodies (6). 

Immunological abnormalities were reported in 23 adults in Woburn, Massachusetts, who were exposed to contaminated well water and who were family members of children with leukemia (Byers et al. 1988). These immunological abnormalities, tested for 5 years after well closure, included persistent lymphocytosis, increased numbers of T-lymphocytes, and depressed helper suppressor T-cell ratio. Auto-antibodies, particularly anti-nuclear antibodies, were detected in 11 of 23 adults tested. This study is limited by the possible bias in identifying risk factors for immunological abnormalities in a small, nonpopulation-based group identified by leukemia types. Other limitations of this study are described in Section 2.2.2.8. A study of 356 residents of Tucson, Arizona, who were exposed to trichloroethylene (6-500 ppb) and other chemicals in well water drawn from the Santa Cmz aquifer found increased frequencies of 10 systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms, 5 (arthritis, Raynaud s phenomenon, malar rash, skin lesions related to sun exposure, seizure or convulsions) of which were statistically significant (Kilbum and Warshaw 1992). 

Isolated cases of dermal sensitivity and allergic responses in humans have been reported (Bauer and Rabens 1974 Conde-Salazar et al. 1983 Czirjak et al. 1993 Goh andNg 1988 Nakayama et al. 1988 Phoon et al. 1984 Schattner and Malnick 1990 Waller et al. 1994). An increase in the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported in persons exposed to trichloroethylene in their drinking water (Kilbum and Warshaw 1992). 

Kilbum KH, Warshaw RH. 1992. Prevalence of symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and of fluorescent antinuclear antibodies associated with chronic exposure to trichloroethylene and other chemicals in well water. Environ Res 57 1-9. 

Vaarala, O., Alfthan, G., Jauhiainen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Aho, K. and Palosuo, T. (1993). Cross-reaction between antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein and to cardiolipin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 341, 923-925. 

DL-CFU Dendritic cell/Langerhans cell colony forming DLE Discoid lupus erythematosus DMARD Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug... 

SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus SLe Sialyl Lewis X antigen SLO Streptolysin-O SLPI Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor... 

Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren s syndrome, multiple myeloma, obstructive uropathy, cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease... 

Systemic lupus erythematosus Scleroderma Sleep apnea Drugs ... 

Carcinoid syndrome, anemias, systemic lupus erythematosus... 

Glomerular diseases (e.g., anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, focal segmental glomerularsclerosis, IgA nephropathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Alport s syndrome, amyloidosis, membranous nephropathy, and Goodpasture s syndrome)... 

Father died of a myocardial infarction at age 53, whereas mother is alive and living with HTN, systemic lupus erythematosus, DM, and osteoporosis at the age of 75. 

A decrease in erythrocyte production can be multifactorial. A deficiency in nutrients (such as iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid) is a common cause that often is easily treatable. In addition, patients with cancer and CKD are at risk for developing a hypoproductive anemia. Furthermore, patients with chronic immune-related diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus) can develop anemia as a complication of their disease. Anemia related to these chronic inflammatory conditions is typically termed anemia of chronic disease. 

Besides anemia associated with cancer and CKD, anemia of chronic disease can result from inflammatory processes and occurs commonly in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In treating these types of anemia of chronic disease, the most important principle is treating the underlying disease. These patients also may have iron deficiency and should be treated in the manner already discussed. Erythropoietin therapy such as epoetin-alfa therapy at a dose of 150 units/kg three times a week also may be used in these patients. 

SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus TOD Target-organ damage... 

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