Prophylactic treatment

Both amantadiae and rknantadiae have been found to reduce the duration of influenza A-iaduced fever and malaise, and to lessen viral shedding. Prophylactic treatment has been recommended for high risk patients (95). It has been suggested that, ia the presence of amantadine, the influenza vims attaches normally to cells, but once iaside the ceU the vims fails to initiate repHcation. Thus amantadine appears to inhibit the initiation of transcription at an early stage between uncoating and viral-specific RNA synthesis (96). 

Aiititubercular drug s are used in combination with other aiititubercular dm to treat active tuberculosis. Isoniazid (INH) is the only aiititubercular drug used alone While isoniazid is used in combination with other drains for the treatment of primary tuberculosis, a primary use is in preventive therapy (prophylaxis) against tuberculosis. For example, when a diagnosis of tuberculosis is present, family members of the infected individual must be given prophylactic treatment with isoniazid for 6 months to 1 year. Display 12-1 identifies prophylactic uses for isoniazid. 

The corticosteroids are used in the management and prophylactic treatment of the inflammation associated with chronic asthma or allergic rhinitis. 

Maintenance and prophylactic treatment of asthma for asthma patients who require systemic corticosteroid administration when adding an inhaled corticosteroid may reduce or eliminate the need for systemic corticosteroids... 

The pretreatment of MH-susceptible patients with oral or intravenous dantrolene prior to surgery in order to avoid a crisis is controversial. Most physicians do not recommend prophylactic pretreatment except in patients who have had a previously documented episode. However, if pretreatment is desired, it is recommended that therapy be begun with intravenous dantrolene in a dose of 2 mg/Kg just prior to induction of anesthesia. This prevents the uncertainty of predictive blood values associated with the use of the oral route. The adverse effects of intravenous dantrolene prophylaxis include phlebitis and tissue necrosis. Patients who receive prophylactic treatment with oral dantrolene often complain of incapacitation, gastrointestinal irritation, prolonged drowsiness, and clinically significant respiratory muscle weakness. 

Matrila MJ, Aranko K, Seppala T Acute effects of huspirone and alcohol on psychomotor skills. J Clin Psychiatry 43 56-60, 1982 McMahon T, Andersen R, Merten P, et al Protein kinase C epsilon mediates upregu-lation ofN-type calcium channels by ethanol. Mol Pharmacol 37 33-58, 2000 Merry], Reynolds CM, Bailey], et al Prophylactic treatment of alcoholism by lithium carbonate. Lancet 2 481 82, 1976... 

Bauer DJ, Stvincent L, Kempe CH, Downie AW (1963) Prophylactic treatment of small pox contacts with V-methylisatin beta-thiosemicarbazone (Compound 33t57, Marboran). Lancet 35 494 96... 

Prophylactic treatment of Cl INH deficiency consists of Cl INH replacement infusions, androgens (danazol, stanozolol, oxymethalone) or antifibrinolytic agents. Acute treatment employs Cl INH replacement (where available), fresh-frozen plasma, and placement of an airway when significant airway obstruction is evident. Abdominal attacks require IV fluid, analgesics, and watchful waiting . 

Keck PE, Nabulsi AA, Taylor JL, et al (1996b). A pharmacoeconomic model of divalproex vs. lithium in the acute and prophylactic treatment of bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 57> 213-22. 

Number and type of bleeding episodes to assess adequacy of prophylactic treatment and home therapy... 

Define appropriate patient populations requiring prophylactic treatment, and differentiate appropriate drug regimens. 

In an effort to prevent the development of IE, prophylactic treatment generally is recommended for patients with high risk factors. 

Certain conditions have been associated more commonly with IE due to preexisting cardiac disease in the presence of a transient bacteremia. In an effort to prevent the development of IE, prophylactic treatment generally is recommended for these at-risk patients. Although there are no well-controlled clinical studies of these recommendations, it is thought that if antibiotics are given just prior to a procedure, the number of bacteria may be decreased in the bloodstream and prevent the bacteria from adhering to the valves. 

Neuroprotection A prophylactic treatment designed to stop potential or further neurodegeneration. 

The answer is e. (Hardmanr p 930.) All the drugs listed in the question are used as antiemetics. Chlorpromazine is a general antiemetic, used orally, rectally, or by injection for the control of nausea and vomiting that is caused by conditions that are not necessarily defined. Ondansetron is indicated in the oral or intravenous route for the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy Diphenhydramine and dimen-hydrinate are used orally for the active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Scopolamine is a transdermal preparation used in the prevention of motion sickness. The drug is incorporated into a bandage-like... 

Prophylactic treatment can be withheld if the first episode of acute gouty arthritis was mild and responded promptly to treatment, the patient s serum urate concentration was only minimally elevated, and the 24-hour urinary uric acid excretion was not excessive (less than 1,000 mg/24 hours on a regular diet). 

If the patient had a severe attack of gouty arthritis, a complicated course of uric acid lithiasis, a substantially elevated serum uric acid (greater than 10 mg/dL), or a 24-hour urinary excretion of uric acid of more than 1,000 mg, then prophylactic treatment should be instituted immediately after resolution of the acute episode. 

All patients should be treated for acute attacks and maintained on prophylactic treatment for 6 to 12 months after the initial episode. Aggravating factors such as alcohol or cocaine use and cigarette smoking should be stopped. 

Based on these considerations, a history of endometriosis should be considered a contraindication for treatment with tamoxifen, and considerable attention should be paid to the widespread use of tamoxifen as prophylactic treatment for the prevention of breast cancer in premenopausal women. 

GM-CSF was approved in 1991 by the United States Food and Drag Administration (FDA) to support transplant associated neutropenia and mobilize stem cells. In Europe, it is also approved for prophylactic treatment following dose intensive chemotherapy. However, the rate of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) recovery in response to treatment with GM-CSF in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy or in the... 

It is also very important, if possible, to discontinue or lower the doses of drugs with anticholinergic effects antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants, uro-logic spasmolytics, anti-arrhythmics, drugs for Parkinson s disease and more. Prophylactic treatment against Candida infection, bacteria and caries can also be useful (Mouly et al. 2007). 

Maintenance Phase Treatment. BPAD is a lifelong illness, but the severity and frequency of episodes are highly variable from patient to patient. In addition, episodes of BPAD tend to occur more frequently as the illness progresses. When we consider the kindling models suggesting that each episode of BPAD increases the patient s vulnerability to future episodes, then early and vigorous prophylactic treatment should theoretically improve the long-term course of the disorder. Consequently, appropriate maintenance therapy is critical to the successful treatment of BPAD. 

Benzodiazepines. These agents, particularly alprazolam and clonazepam, have been widely used in the treatment of PTSD, despite little evidence to demonstrate their effectiveness. The few studies exploring the effectiveness of benzodiazepines for PTSD suggest that they provide modest relief for anxiety in general but offer no benefit for the core symptoms of PTSD, namely, intrusive recollections and emotional numbing. Furthermore, a small controlled study investigating prophylactic treatment with a benzodiazepine in the immediate aftermath of trauma exposure failed to protect patients from the subsequent development of PTSD symptoms. Consequently, we do not recommend benzodiazepines for the routine management of PTSD. 

Nevertheless, patients with severe BPD may be especially vulnerable to repeated psychotic decompensation and therefore arguably need prophylactic treatment with an antipsychotic. In addition to their proven ability to treat psychotic symptoms, antipsychotics also have tranquilizing effects that can counteract impulsivity and mood lability. They do so while avoiding the potential disinhibition that can be caused by benzodiazepines. 

A further extention of herd medication has often in the past been referred to as prophylactic treatment or disease prevention. Both terms are partially correct but the rationale for their application requires a basic knowledge of epidemiology. The application of pre-emptive medication depends upon the knowledge that a particular bacterial agent has been introduced into a population and is causing clinical disease in individuals within that population (5). Previous veterinary experience will have indicated that if medication is not applied to the group or herd then there will be a conti-... 

Vitamin K (phylloquinone) and similar substances with modified side chains are involved in carboxylating glutamate residues of coagulation factors in the liver (see p. 290). The form that acts as a cofactor for carboxylase is derived from the vitamin by enzymatic reduction. Vitamin K antagonists (e. g., coumarin derivatives) inhibit this reduction and consequently carboxylation as well. This fact is used to inhibit blood coagulation in prophylactic treatment against thrombosis. Vitamin K deficiency occurs only rarely, as the vitamin is formed by bacteria of the intestinal flora. 

Asthma, chronic Maintenance and prophylactic treatment of asthma includes patients who require systemic corticosteroids and those who may benefit from systemic dose reduction/elimination for the maintenance treatment of asthma and as prophylactic therapy in children 12 months to 8 years of age (budesonide respules). 

Promethazine Promethazine also is indicated for preoperative, postoperative, or obstetric sedation prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery an adjunct to analgesics for control of postoperative pain sedation and relief of apprehension, and to produce light sleep antiemetic effect in postoperative patients active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness (oral and rectal only). 

---