Production Tests

The methods discussed above only give an indication of permeability near the wellbore. Reservoir permeability is usually estimated from production tests and is described in Section 9.4. 

Production testing and bottom hoie pressure testing... 

Routine production tests are performed, approximately once per month on each producing well, by diverting the production through the test separator on surface to measure the liquid flowrate, water cut, and gas production rate. The wellhead pressure (also called the flowing tubing head pressure, FTHP) is recorded at the time of the production test, and a plot of production rate against FTHP is made. The FTHP is also recorded continuously and used to estimate the well s production rate on a daily basis by reference to the FTHP vs production rate plot for the well. 

Drawdown and build-up surveys are typically performed once a production well has been completed, to establish the reservoir property of permeability (k), the well completion efficiency as denoted by its skin factor (S), and the well productivity index (PI). Unless the routine production tests indicate some unexpected change in the well s productivity, only SBHP surveys may be run, say once a year. A full drawdown and build-up survey would be run to establish the cause of unexplained changes in the well s productivity. 

Figure 11.4 Centralised versus remote production testing...

Product Tests. Tests ia which the finished article is subjected to a more or less reaHstic fire are called product tests. A few examples foUow. 

Ultrasonic Microhardness. A new microhardness test using ultrasonic vibrations has been developed and offers some advantages over conventional microhardness tests that rely on physical measurement of the remaining indentation size (6). The ultrasonic method uses the DPH diamond indenter under a constant load of 7.8 N (800 gf) or less. The hardness number is derived from a comparison of the natural frequency of the diamond indenter when free or loaded. Knowledge of the modulus of elasticity of the material under test and a smooth surface finish is required. The technique is fast and direct-reading, making it useful for production testing of similarly shaped parts. 

In heavy-metal analysis of the same pigments, metals found were present in only trace amounts. The data Hsted place the products tested in the category of nontoxic materials. The Radiant Color Co. has conducted toxicity tests on its own products similar to the A-Series and has found them to be nontoxic. Heavy metals were found only in trace amounts in these tests. 

The failure rate changes over the lifetime of a population of devices. An example of a failure-rate vs product-life curve is shown in Figure 9 where only three basic causes of failure are present. The quaUty-, stress-, and wearout-related failure rates sum to produce the overall failure rate over product life. The initial decreasing failure rate is termed infant mortaUty and is due to the early failure of substandard products. Latent material defects, poor assembly methods, and poor quaUty control can contribute to an initial high failure rate. A short period of in-plant product testing, termed bum-in, is used by manufacturers to eliminate these early failures from the consumer market. 

Tar. Before the development of gas chromatography (gc) and high pressure Hquid chromatography (hplc), the quantitative analyses of tar distillate oils involved tedious high efficiency fractionation and refractionation, followed by identification or estimation of individual components by ir or uv spectroscopy. In the 1990s, the main components of the distillate fractions of coal tars are deterrnined by gc and hplc (54). The analytical procedures included in the specifications for tar bulk products are given in the relevant Standardi2ation of Tar Products Tests Committee (STPTC) (33), ISO (55), and ASTM (35) standards. 

Ref. 23 Standardization of Tar Products Tests Committee (STPTC) is now at Tar Industries Services, Chesterfield, U.K. 

Are product test results saved at least one year ... 

Although the Izod and Charpy tests are widely used for plastics, other types of test are also popular. These include tensile impact tests and flexural plate (falling weight) tests. The latter is particularly useful in situations where the effects of flow anisotropy are being assessed. In addition, arbitrary end-product tests are widely used to provide reassurance that unforseen factors have not emerged to reduce the impact performance of the product. 

Establish standards for preparation of development and production test specifications and procedures. 

It would be considered prudent to prohibit the premature release of product if you did not have an adequate traceability system in place. If in fact any nonconformities in a component will be detected by the end product tests, it may be worth allowing production to commence without the receipt tests being available, in which case the tests will only be confidence checks and not verification checks. If only one product is received and released prior to verification one would think that, as the requirement applies prior to verification, there is no need to positively identify the product to permit recall because you would know where it was if you found it to be nonconforming. However, the nonconformity may have been reported to you by the supplier after delivery. The standard does not stipulate when and by whom the nonconformity may have been detected. If you lose the means of determining conformity by premature release, don t release the product until you have verified it is acceptable. 

Use is controlled by specifying the software by type designation and version in the development and production test procedures or a register which relates products to the test software which has to be used to verify its acceptability. You should also provide procedures for running the software on the host computer or automatic test equipment. They may of course be menu driven from a display screen and keyboard rather than paper procedures. 

Another area of importance is contamination. Jet fuels are tested for the presence of heavier fuel contamination by use of an existent gum test, which detects the presence of heavier hydrocarbons from other products. Testing also is carried out to detect the presence of excessive levels of undissolved water and solids, as well as for surfactants that can adversely affect the ability of filters and coalescers to remove dirt and water from the fuel. 

Production test samples to ensure that the required physical properties are met... 

Recommended practice for examination and evaluation of pitting corrosion Test method for determining susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of high-strength aluminium alloy products Test method for pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels and related alloys by the use of ferric chloride solution Recommended practice for preparation and use of direct tension stress corrosion test specimens... 

There are destructive and nondestructive tests (NDTs) (2). Most important, they are essential for determining the performance of plastic materials to be processed and of the finished fabricated products. Testing refers to the determination by technical means properties and performances. This action, when possible, should involve application of established scientific principles and procedures. It requires specifying what requirements are to be met. There are many different tests (thousands) that can be conducted that relate to practically any material or product requirement. Usually only a few will be applicable to meet your specific application. Examples of these tests will be presented. 

The moisture content of a plastic affects such conditions as electrical insulation resistance, dielectric losses, mechanical properties, dimensions, and appearances. The effect on the properties due to moisture content depends largely on the type of exposure (by immersion in water or by exposure to high humidity), the shape of the product, and the inherent behavior properties of the plastic material. The ultimate proof for tolerance of moisture in a product has to be a product test under extreme conditions of usage in which critical dimensions and needed properties are verified. Plastics with very low water-moisture absorption rates tend to have better dimensional stability. 

As an initial step, the product designer must anticipate the conditions of use and the performance requirements of the product, considering such factors as life expectancy, size, condition of use, shape, color, strength, and stiffness. These end use requirements can be ascertained through market analysis, surveys, examinations of similar products, testing, and general experience. A clear definition of product requirements will often lead directly to choice of the material of construction. At times incomplete or improper product requirement analysis is the cause for a product to fail. 

Production Test. In a small-scale production test, tinplate containers with two commercially available enamels and two end-sealing compounds, which were selected from the results of this study, performed satisfactorily when packed with beef and ham. Beef was irradiated with 4.5-5.6 Mrad at 5, —30, and —90°C ham was irradiated with 3-4 Mrad and 6-7.5 Mrad at —30°C. For this production test, beef and ham were packaged in round tinplate containers and ham in Pullman tinplate containers, frozen and refrigerated products were shipped 1,200 miles by truck, and were gamma irradiated at various doses and temperatures. Irradiated products were shipped 1,200 miles in a non-refrigerated truck and stored at selected temperatures and humidities. The integrity of the cans was evaluated after storage for 10 days, 3 months, and 6 months. 

The production test showed that the epoxy phenolic enamel was the preferred enamel for coating tinplate containers used in packaging irradiation-sterilized ham and beef. The preferred end-sealing compound for the same application was the blend of cured and uncured isobutylene-isoprene copolymer. 

In a broad evaluation also the sulfosuccinate disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DLSS) was a part of a variety of surfactants tested for their dermatological mildness, and some different test methods were applied [16]. Products were compared applying in vitro methods (Zein test, hemolysis) and in vivo methods (Duhring-Chamber test, skin mildness by intracutaneous test on mice and topical application on hairless mice, mucous membrane irritation according to the Draize procedure on rabbit eyes). In the Duhring-Chamber test the DLSS elicited no reactions in the animal tests it ranged in the least irritant third of the 15 products tested. 

Malmstrom, C. M., Thompson, M. V., Juday, G. P., Los, S.O., Randerson, J. T. and Field, C. B. (1997). Interannual variation in global-scale net primary production Testing model estimates. Global Biogeo-chem. Cycles 11, 367-392. 

Two types of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate contaminant tests, a catalyst stability test and a high-conversion bromine product test. For catalyst stability testing, only a small amount of catalyst was used (1.5 g) to ensure incomplete conversion of the HBr. If a feed contaminant causes catalyst deactivation, it is apparent as an immediate decrease in conversion. If an excess of catalyst was used instead, even if deactivation occurred at the inlet of the bed, it may not be detected until the region of deactivation moves considerably downstream. This could take many hours or days. 

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