Reference tests

The computer also can leam from a defect-free test piece by rutming such a piece in a readmode. For example, if a drilled hole for lubrication purposes is present at the same location on all parts, the computer will recognise this signal and accept it on all test pieces. The computer will actually be comparing the test piece under scrutiny with standard non-defect master. In addition a reference test piece should be used to check that the specified reference defects really will be detected. This is needed to adjust the settings and sensitivity of the system. 

Fig. 7 The longitudinal microstructure( x 100) of coarse-grained TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)P extrusion pipe of artificial reference test pipe...

In most ultrasonic tests, the significant echo signal often is the one having the maximum ampHtude. This ampHtude is affected by the selection of the beam angle, and the position and direction from which it interrogates the flaw. The depth of flaws is often deterrnined to considerable precision by the transit time of the pulses within the test material. The relative reflecting power of discontinuities is deterrnined by comparison of the test signal with echoes from artificial discontinuities such as flat-bottomed holes, side-drilled holes, and notches in reference test blocks. This technique provides some standardized tests for sound beam attenuation and ultrasonic equipment beam spread. 

Tests for quality of sealing of anodic coatings have become internationally standardised. They include dye spot tests with prior acid treatment of the surface (ISO 2143 1981 and BS 6161 Part 5 1982), measurement of admittance or impedance (ISO 2931 1983 and BS 6161 Part 6 1984), or measurement of weight loss after acid immersion (ISO 3210 1983 and BS 6161 Part 3 1984, and ISO 2932 1981 and BS 6161 Part 4 1981). Of these the chromic-phosphoric acid immersion test (ISO 3210) has become the generally accepted reference test. 

Standard reference test method for making potentiostatic and potentiodynamic anodic polarisation measurements Recommended practice for atmospheric environmental exposure testing of nonmetal-lic materials... 

The conclusion of this discussion is that the reference test surface should be as close as possible to the segment under test. Further, to aid in keeping a constant radius of curvature reference, the reference should be made of a very low expansion material such as Zerodur or ULE. 

Experimental conditions designed to produce the maximum signal in an assay. Typically determined with a reference test compound. Note synonymous with high control. 

Reference tests were also performed in the absence of any desorbent (Tests 1 and 2 in Table III). Likewise, the propagation of each desorbent was examined separately, without any prior micellar slug injection. The effluents were sampled for analysis by a fraction collector. 

Surfactant Remobilization by Means of Desorbent It appears from Table III, that, in the presence of a desorbent, 30 to 45% of the sulfonate and 33 to 69% of the Genapol can be remobilized. This assessment is made by comparison with the reference tests performed at the closest pH values. 

FDA routinely requires analytical data on tests under review to demonstrate that they measure what they claim to measure. Analytical performance is usually directed at evaluating a test s accuracy or bias compared with a predicate or reference test, precision or repeatability, and analytical specificity and analytical sensitivity. 

Mealiness in apples results from a breakdown in adhesion between cells so that chewing the apple tissue results in cell separation rather than cell rupture. Eating a mealy apple is therefore associated with the unpleasant sensory perception of a lack of juiciness, loss of crispness and hardness. A number of studies have succeeded in correlating the degree of mealiness with destructive reference tests such as the Magness-Taylor firmness and confined compression juiciness, but clearly there is a need for non-destructive, on-line detection of mealiness in apples. 

Perform the test and reference test three times. Inspect the filter afterwards visually, using microscope using lateral incident light with an enlargement of 40x. 

Measure the particle load with a particle counter in the measuring ranges (92 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 25, 25 to 50, and >50 pm). From each container perform 20 measurements in the different ranges. As a reference test, perform the same procedure without stoppers. 

Catalyst (reference) Test reaction Interval of pretreatment, °C. T. A log A... 

The reference test was performed using the standard ASTM method for determining grain loadings to electrostatic precipitators. This test was used to verify the adequacy of the number of samples secured for mass balance calculations. Comparison of grain loading calculations using TVA standard probes and ORNL fabricated probes show that the mass balance samples are representative. 

This test is a reference test for the flammability test of individually packed generators. 

The inhibiting activity on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines was tested in vitro on the secretion of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a. Tests were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells according to the method of Schindler (1) using cycloheximide (IL-1) and dexamethasone (IL-6, TNF-a) as references. Testing results are provided in Table 2. 

Fluorescent AMC product formation was monitored 1 hour at ambient temperature by measuring the fluorescence emission at 460 nm using an excitation wavelength of 360 nm and the IC50 determined where Cbz-ValAlaAsp-H was used as the reference. Testing results are summarized in Table 2. 

Nicholson (2) using Cbz-ValAlaAsp-H was used as the reference. Testing results are provided in Table 3. 

Resolntion to referred test outeomes, with justification as appropriate... 

Since the described short-duration technique was somewhat unique as a reactor-gas yield test method, a reference test of a well-known production oil cracking reactor was first run to calibrate the system. The reference reactor chosen was the crude oil cracker which is part of a production plant operated by one of our ACR partners, Kureha Chemical Ind., Ltd. The Kureha plant reactor operates at conditions approaching that of an ACR. 

The reference test was conducted in a stainless steel reactor assembly which was sized to duplicate the Kureha reactor geometry. The experimental operating conditions compared favorably with the actual plant conditions. In particular, the steam temperature, S F ratio, residence time, oil feed rate, and heat input were matched very closely. However, the reactor exit temperature was somewhat lower than that of the operating plant. The experimental gas yields for ethylene, ethane, propylene, and propadiene agreed very well with the plant. There were slightly lower experimental values for hydrogen, methane, acetylene, and total gas, which indicated a less severe crack. 

In the reference test, the low reactor exit temperature at the constant plant-energy input conditions indicates the expected higher heat losses in a short-duration reactor. The corresponding lower overall temperature profile through the test-reactor length reduces the process kinetic time-at-temperature. The associated gas-phase chemical kinetics at the lower residence times are believed to be responsible for the slight discrepancies in the reference test gas yields. Also, the "true enthalpy used for cracking is lower than that indicated by the measured reactor temperature. 

The reference test work was used to calibrate and revise the operating procedures for the full-scale ACR test. The additional reactor heat... 

In studies of diagnostic accuracy, the results of one test (often referred to as the index test, the test of interest) are compared with those from the reference standard (referred to as the reference test, the best current practice), A test can be any method for obtaining additional information on a patient s health status. This includes not only laboratory tests, imaging tests, and function tests but also data from the history and physical examination, and genetic data. 

The ideal study examines a consecutive series of patients, enrolling all consenting patients suspected of the target condition within a specific period. All of these patients then undergo the index test and then the reference test. The term consecutive refers to total absence of any form of selection, beyond the a priori definition of the criteria for inclusion and exclusion, and requires explicit efforts to identify and enroU patients qualifying for inclusion. 

In the ideal study, the results of aU patients tested with the test under evaluation are contrasted with the results of a single reference standard. If fewer than all patients are verified with the reference standard, then partial verification exists, and verification bias may occur if the selection of subjects for reference testing is not purely random. For example, if selection is associated with the outcome of the index test, or the strength of prior suspicion, or both, then verification bias is certain. In a typical case, some patients with negative test results (test-negatives) are not verified by the reference standard if this involves a costly or invasive procedure, and these patients are not included in the analysis. This may result in an underestimation of the number of false-negative results. 

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