Testing animal

The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. 

Animal glues Animal oil Animal products Animal testing Animal waxes Animation effects... 

The toxicity of these fluoroaluminates is mainly as inorganic fluorides. The ACGIH adopted (1992—1993) values for fluorides as F is TLV 2.5 mg/m. The oral toxicity in laboratory animal tests is reported to be LD q rat 2.15 mg/kg (41). Because of the fine nature of the products they can also be sources of chronic toxicity effects as dusts. 

The long latent periods involved in development of cancers make correlation of chemical exposures and disease extremely difficult. This can be countered pardy with tests on naturally short-Hved animals. Tests on bacteria, eg, the Ames test, may permit rapid detection of cancer potential, although there is no direct relationship between the results of bacterial tests and the effects of the tested chemicals on humans (56). 

Acute Toxicity. Plasticizers possess an extremely low order of acute toxicity LD q values are mostiy in excess of 20,000 mg/kg body weight for oral, dermal, or intraperitoneal routes of exposure. In addition to thek low acute toxicity, many years of practical use coupled with animal tests show that plasticizers do not kritate the skin or mucous membranes and do not cause sensitization. 

Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols were found to have low oral toxicity in animal tests. The approximate lethal oral dose, LD q, for Terathane 1000 has been found to be greater than 11,000 mg/kg (272). No adverse effects on inhalation have been observed. The polymer glycols are mild skin and eye irritants, and contact with skin, eyes, and clothing should be avoided. Goggles and gloves are recommended. In case of contact with the skin, wash thoroughly with water and soap. If swallowed, no specific intervention is indicated, because the compounds are not hazardous. However, a physician should be consulted (260). 

The demonstration that injected or force-fed neonatal rodents given extremely high doses of MSG showed evidence of brain lesions, has led to much additional research to determine any possible link between neurotoxicity and human use of MSG (33). However, no evidence from animal tests indicates that MSG in the diet causes brain damage in humans (34). 

H. G. Wada and co- [Pg.112]

Controversy over test methodology, and concern with the welfare of test animals, has been highly pubhci2ed in the last decade, and various states have proposed legislation to ban animal tests. Significant effort has been devoted to developing nonanimal alternative tests and predictive methods. Progress has been made, but no entirely satisfactory substitute has been found to date (142). 

As the external pressure on the chest wall becomes larger than its internal pressure during the passage of a blast wave, the chest wall moves inward, thus causing injury. Because the inward motion takes time, the duration of the blast wave is important. Results of animal tests indicate that overpressure is only important for long durations, and impulse is important for relatively short durations (White et al. 1971). 

As stated before, it is not practical to test in the range of such a low incidence. In fact, laboratories conduct animal tests at high doses to increase the likelihood of inducing cancer in a portion of a test population. Thus, to apply the results of animal tests to human exposures, the data from the high doses used in the tests must be extrapolated to the low doses of public concern. 

The original objective of the synthetic work was the preparation of basic derivatives of the 3,1,4-benzoxadiazepine system (2) for animal testing. The basic ring system had been reported previously in the literature as the dehydration products of 2-acylaminobenzophenone oximes (1). Repetition of the work quickly cast doubt on the earlier structural assignment. Both the chemistry of the products and their spectral data suggested that the products were in fact quinazoline-3-oxides (3). ... 

In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the possibility of delaying or even reversing the memory loss that accompanies old age or the more tragic loss of human capabilities associated with premature senility - Alzheimer s disease. Progress is hampered by the difficulty of identifying suitable animal tests, and there is presently no reliable therapy. 

Viral infections continue to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality and at the same time continue to be resistant to treatment by small molecules. Avridine (6) is an antiviral compound which has shown some activity in a variety of animal tests apparently based upon its ability to stimulate a number of cells to produce the high molecular weight endogenous antiviral substance interferon. Thus, the compound is believed to operate indirectly by stimulating the body s own natural defenses against viral penetration into host cells. Avridine is synthesized by... 

Drug Animal tests, Phase Phase II Phase III NDA Ongoing... 

Industries that burn wood, gas, oil or coal contribute most of the rest of airborne B(a)P. Studies on animals have shown that contact with BaP and PAH can cause skin cancer, but the effects of breathing or ingesting them are not yet well enough studied to draw a conclusion as to other cancers. Animal tests have shown that exposure to BaP may cause reproduction difficulty. The U.S. government considers BaP a human carcinogen. 

Poisonous LDS0 (lethal dose to 50% of the animals tested) lUy (intravenous) in rabbits 8mg/kg... 

Animal tests were commonly used in the past, also according to the Draize protocol [357,372]. However, such tests have been questioned for several reasons. In addition to the public concern about animal welfare, animal tests are conducted under conditions and at concentrations quite different from those that occur in practice, as in the case of eye irritancy. The effects of surfactants on the skin cannot be compared when the results have been obtained through different protocols and even results obtained by the same method are not comparable if conditions differ. 

In a broad evaluation also the sulfosuccinate disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DLSS) was a part of a variety of surfactants tested for their dermatological mildness, and some different test methods were applied [16]. Products were compared applying in vitro methods (Zein test, hemolysis) and in vivo methods (Duhring-Chamber test, skin mildness by intracutaneous test on mice and topical application on hairless mice, mucous membrane irritation according to the Draize procedure on rabbit eyes). In the Duhring-Chamber test the DLSS elicited no reactions in the animal tests it ranged in the least irritant third of the 15 products tested. 

The substance may have effects on the liver, resulting in liver impairment. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. 

One way to see if a chemical will hurt people is to learn how the chemical is absorbed, used, and released by the body for some chemicals, animal testing may be necessary. Animal testing may also be used to identify health effects such as cancer or birth defects. Without laboratory animals, scientists would lose a basic method to get information needed to make wise decisions to protect public health. Scientists have the responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion. Laws today protect the welfare of research animals, and scientists must comply with strict animal care guidelines. 

Andersen ME, Kirshnan K. 1994. Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. In Salem H,ed. Animal test alternatives Refinement, reduction, replacement. New York, NY Marcel Dekker, Inc., 9-25. 

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