Interannual variation

Our understanding of seasonal and interannual variation in global terrestrial vegetation dynamics is, however, very sketchy at present. Ecosystem respiration measurements have been made for various soil-vegetation types for variable lengths of time Relationships between ecosystem respiration and weather data have been derived from these data for four major biomes 88), However, additional systematic collection of field respiration measurements would be necessary for placing much confidence in such a relationship. 

Keeling, C. D., Piper, S. C. and Heimann, M. (1989b). A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds 4. Mean annual gradients and interannual variations. In "Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and Western Americas," Geophys. Monogr. Ser. vol. 55 (D. H. Peterson, ed.), pp. 305-363. AGU, Washington, DC. 

Kindermann, J., Wiirth, G., Kohlmaier, G. H. and Badeck, F.-W. (1996). Interannual variations of carbon exchange fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 737-755. 

B. (1995). Monitoring seasonal and interannual variations of gross primary productivity, net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity using a diagnostic model and remotely-sensed data, Tellus, Ser. B, 47,178-190. 

Malmstrom, C. M., Thompson, M. V., Juday, G. P., Los, S.O., Randerson, J. T. and Field, C. B. (1997). Interannual variation in global-scale net primary production Testing model estimates. Global Biogeo-chem. Cycles 11, 367-392. 

Phytoplankton Biomass and Communities Longitudinal and Interannual Variations... 

Evidence for seasonal fluctuations in the export of sinking POM from the euphotic zone has been obtained from sediment trap studies. As shown in Figure 23.3, seasonal variations in the flux of sinking biogenic hard and soft parts are detectable even in the deep zone. Furthermore, interannual variations in POC and PIC production lead to similar shifts in the deepwater fluxes of these particles. 

Keeling, C. D and S. R. Shertz, Seasonal and Interannual Variations in Atmospheric Oxygen and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle, Nature, 358, 723-727 (1992). 

There is a strong interannual variation in the lipid concentration in the flesh of planktivorous fish such as anchovy, kilka and sprat, which is governed by the varying abundance of the plankton (Shulman, 1972b, 1996 Luts and Rogov, 1978 Luts, 1986). 

The third period (1986-1994) was marked by a return to the range of 9-13.5%, similar to that in the first period but with a higher interannual variation (coefficient of variation 14.7%). Unlike the situation in the second period, the early years of the third showed a negative correlation between fatness and stock density. It is worth mentioning that sprat from around the island of Zmeiny were almost always fatter than their counterparts in waters around the Cape of Tarkhankut, presumably because of the input of nutrients from the Danube. 

Madin, L.P., Horgan, E.F., and Steinberg, D.K., Zooplankton at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series (BATS) station diel, seasonal and interannual variation in biomass, 1994-1998, Deep Sea Res. II, in press. 

Abstract Based on the data of long-term observations, principal hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics of the Sea of Azov such as the water temperature, salinity, and oxygen and nutrient contents are assessed. Features of the seasonal and interannual variations under the action of natural and anthropogenic factors are shown. The biodiversity of the sea and the influence of the invader species on the state of the sea ecosystem are analyzed in detail. 

The interannual variations of SST anomalies were less consistent than CHL, but exhibited similar trends (Fig. 5). Negative SST anomalies persisted from mid-2002 by the end of 2004. 

Comparing seasonal and interannual CHL variability in the Black Sea, we see that the range of seasonal cycle significantly exceeds the range of interannual variations. Standard deviations of log-transformed CHL anomalies in differ-... 

Nezlin NP, Dyakonov VY (1998) Seasonal and interannual variations of surface chlorophyll concentration in the Black Sea on CZCS data. In Ivanov LI, Oguz T (eds) Ecosystem Modeling as a Management Tool for the Black Sea. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 137... 

Fig. 2 Interannual variations of the abundance of Mnemiopsis leidyi (gm 2) in August-September (abundance was estimated with coefficient for insignificant catchability (in mean 2) after Vinogradov [35]) and average surface water temperatures (direct measurements)...

Fig. 4 Interannual variations in the abundance of A fish eggs (ind. m 2), and B larvae in the northeastern Black Sea in July-August 1 - scad 2 - anchovy 3 - other species...

Observations over the position of the boundary of the hydrogen sulphide zone in the northeastern part of the Black Sea showed that its interannual variations are related to the wintertime temperature conditions and the formation of the balance between the riverine water supply, the delivery of saline waters via the Bosphorus, and the wintertime formation of the cold intermediate layer enriched in oxygen. 

Rao, V. B., M. C. Lima, and S. H. Franchito. 1993. "Seasonal and interannual variations of rainfall over eastern Northeast Brazil." Journal of Climate 6 1754-1763. 

The map shown in Figure 5 is based on relatively sparse data. It is at best a rough, schematic presentation of summer conditions in both hemispheres, and does not take into account either seasonal or interannual variations. These could result in marked differences in the areal extent and intensity of the regions in which there is a net flux of CO2 from the sea to the air, and vice-versa. 

Wiggert, J. D., Murtugudde, R. G., and McClain, C. R. (2002). Processes controlling interannual variations in wintertime primary productivity in the central Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 49, 2319-2343. 

Figure 16.7 Seasonal and interannual variations in NOs concentrations at Station ALOHA. Shown are (A) the 16-year data set on NOs (nM) in the upper 200 m as well as the summer vs. winter climatologies. Note the log scale in both graphs. (B) integrated (0-100 m) inventories of NO3 showing aperiodic irgections of NO3 into the upper euphotic zone. Note the lower graph presents the data on a log scale to emphasize the extreme temporal variability in N03 inventory which exceeds a factor of300 over the 16-year observation period,...

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