Scientific Principles

Evans, U. R., Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals Scientific Principles and Practical Applications, Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1960. 

To remove a pollutant from the carrying stream, some property of the pollutant that is different from the carrier must be exploited. The pollutant may have different size, inertia, electrical, or absorption properties. Removal requires that the equipment be designed to apply the scientific principles necessary to perform the separation. 

Much earlier than these encyclopedias is a book first published in 1941 (Chalmers and Quarrell 1941, I960) and devoted to the physical examination of metals . This multiauthor book includes some recondite methods, such as the study of the damping capacity of solids (Section 5.1). In the second edition, the authors remark Not the least of the many changes that have taken place since the first edition appeared has been in the attitude of the metallurgist to pure science and to modern techniques involving scientific principles. The two editions span the period to which I have attributed the quantitative revolution , in Chapter 5. 

A fuel cell is simply a device with two electrodes and an electrolyte for extracting power from the oxidation of a fuel without combustion, converting the power released directly into electricity. The fuel is usually hydrogen. The principle of a fuel cell was first demonstrated by Sir William Grove in London in 1839 with sulphuric acid and platinum gauze as an electrocatalyst, and thereafter there were very occasional attempts to develop the principle, not all of which were based on sound scientific principles , as one commentator put it. 

If you are a teacher, use the incidents to tell your students why accidents occur and to illustrate scientific principles. 

These examples illustrate incidents tliat led to accidents. Ignorance of readings and alanns, poor instructions, lack of proper training, poor design, and ignorance of basic scientific principles lue oHen factors beliind hmnan error. 

An understanding of the basic principles of the science of metallic corrosion is clearly vital for corrosion control, and as knowledge of the subject advances the application of scientific principle rather than an empirical approach may be used for such purposes as the selection of corrosion inhibitors, formulation of corrosion-resisting alloys, etc. 

There are destructive and nondestructive tests (NDTs) (2). Most important, they are essential for determining the performance of plastic materials to be processed and of the finished fabricated products. Testing refers to the determination by technical means properties and performances. This action, when possible, should involve application of established scientific principles and procedures. It requires specifying what requirements are to be met. There are many different tests (thousands) that can be conducted that relate to practically any material or product requirement. Usually only a few will be applicable to meet your specific application. Examples of these tests will be presented. 

Thermodynamic It is the scientific principle that deals with the inter-conversion of heat and other forms of energy. Thermodynamics (thermo = heat and dynamic = changes) is the study of these energy transfers. The law of conservation of energy is called the first law of thermodynamics. 

The belt suffers from mechanical instability, thus often causing it to break, usually at the most inconvenient time ( Murphy s Law - the most important scientific principle in any experimental discipline ). The tunnel seals, used to isolate the differential vacuum regions of the interface, are the most likely places for the belt to snag. Inefficient cleaning of the belt of residual sample and/or inorganic buffers (see below) tends to exacerbate this problem. 

By far the most parsimonious, but nonstatistical, explanation for the observed pattern is that the titrations differ in selectivity, especially as regards basic and acidic impurities. Because of this, the only conclusion that can be drawn is that the true values probably lie near the lowest value for each batch, and everything in excess of this is due to interference from impurities. A more selective method should be applied, e.g., polarimetry or ion chromatography. Parsimony" is a scientific principle make as few assumptions as possible to explain an observation it is in the realm of wishful thinking and fringe science that combinations of improbable and implausible factors are routinely taken for granted. 

TALALAY p (2001) The importance of using scientific principles in the development of medicinal agents from plants , Acad Med, 76 238—47. 

As shown in Appendix II there is a multitude of books concerning various aspects of additives in polymers (either commercial information or technical/scientific principles). However, in the past, only a fairly restricted... 

Crompton [88,89] has regularly provided detailed accounts of the scientific principles underlying current practice, targeted mainly at the experienced industrial technologist. An extensive review on polymer/additive analyses (period 1960-1980) is contained in Crompton... 

The scientific principles and theory that underlie the design of and operation of processing equipment is covered in Volume 2. 

Lane, G.A., 1983. Solar Heat Storage Latent Heat Material, Volume I Background and Scientific Principles, CRC Press, FL. 

As an expert witness, Frankland performed with an unbeatable combination of activism and authority. A poor lecturer in classrooms, he was nimble-witted on the witness stand, up-to-date on a multitude of facts, and, above all, able to explain clearly any relevant scientific principles. 

Haber, the self-taught upstart in physical chemistry, entered the nitrogen-fixation race in 1903. He had certain strengths. Ever eager to overcome rejection and obstacles, he was a patient researcher who did not give up easily. He had put basic scientific principles to practical use and was intimately familiar with industrial chemistry. One of the keys to making ammonia commercially... 

Industrial chemists, unlike academics, had studied natural polymers empirically for years. But each industry worked in isolation with its own textbooks, handbooks, conferences, journals, and societies. Wood chemists had little to do with leather, wool, or rubber chemists, and none of them investigated the scientific principles underlying all their specialties. 

Surampalli, Ong, Seagren, and Nuno compiled and edited a book by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) called Natural Attenuation of Hazardous Wastes.97 In addition to a discussion of the regulatory framework, this book covers major pollutants and basic scientific principles on physical, chemical, and biological processes involved in natural attenuation. It also contains an extensive review of literature, examples of applications of natural attenuation, and site characterization and monitoring requirements and procedures. 

The impetus for this flurry of activity has been the recognized need for cost-effective tools, based on sound scientific principles (i.e., state-of-the-art), to assist in the performance of exposure assessments for new and existing chemical compounds and toxic wastes. 

Those inventions that are valuable for society, which include innovative pharmaceuticals, generate positive externalities, that is, the benefits falls to society at large. The sum of these benefits gives the social benefit or value of the invention. In this way, patents represent the appropriation of part of this social value. Naturally, when businesses decide to undertake a project they do so with their own benefit in mind. Some research, particularly basic research, might not be undertaken in these circumstances, and therefore governments decide to invest to fill the gap that may be left by the patent system. Basic research allows the development of multiple applications and the discovery of scientific principles. The field of genetics is a prime example of this. 

It is important to realize that the process of dimensional analysis only replaces the set of original (dimensional) variables with an equivalent (smaller) set of dimensionless variables (i.e., the dimensionless groups). It does not tell how these variables are related—the relationship must be determined either theoretically by application of basic scientific principles or empirically by measurements and data analysis. However, dimensional analysis is a very powerful tool in that it can rovide a direct guide for... 

Because of all these uncertainties and the questionable relationships found between bulk composition and activity, or even selectivities, we followed a different approach in order to gain an understanding and formulate a theory on surface composition responsible for FT and WGS reactivity. A logical sequence of catalyst surface transformations based on scientific principles was proposed and adapted to form a general model that can be used to explain our experimental observations. These proposed catalyst transformations will be discussed in a little more detail below. 

British predecessors to the SPR included the Cambridge Association for Spiritual Inquiry, or Ghost Society, as it was known, which was founded around 1850 the Oxford Phasmatological Society lasted from 1879 to 1885. Sidgwick, the first president of the Society for Psychical Research, had been a member of the Ghost Society when an undergraduate at Cambridge (Oppenheim 123). The SPR aimed to use scientific principles to explore mediums, apparitions, telepathy, mesmerism, and other such phenomena. An American branch opened in 1885. 

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