Metals additive product testing

Hawley(Ref 8) give an example of wrought "age-hardenable" alloys which are modifications of Duralumin or of castable alloys containing Al and ca 12%. Other industrial products of Ai aiioys are granules of various sizes used for adding to molten steel, for Thermite reactions 3nd for expls, Renulre ments of the most important alloy of Al(Mg-Al) used in expls are described in a joint Army-Navy Spec(Ref 3). The tests and detns are listed under Aluminum (Analytical Procedures). The aiioy of Ai with Mg is used in pyrotechnic compositions and as a metal additive to some fci h explosives... 

Lot-to-lot differences in the purity of the therapeutic agent must be considered when evaluating in-process and finished-product test results. In addition to potency such qualities as particle size distribution, bulk density, and source of the material will be of interest. Such information should be available from the raw material test reports prepared by the quality control laboratory for each lot of material received. The physical characteristics of the excipients should not be overlooked, especially for those materials with inherent variability. Metallic stearates is a classic example. In such instances, the source of supply is desirable information to have available. 

Qualitative chemistry is an area of chemistry concerned with identifying substances. In Activity 9.1 you will perform a qualitative analysis to detect the presence of certain ions that, in turn, may reveal an art forgery. The ions could come from paints that were not available at the time of the artwork. In this qualitative analysis, metal ions (cations) and nonmetal ions (anions) are reacted with solvents and with each other. Then the cations and anions present are identified by the products produced. In addition, flame tests and pH determinations are used to identify ions. Qualitative analysis is an engaging opportunity for you to develop experience with chemical change and review solubility principles. Nowadays, however, most of the time a chemist analyzes a substance to detect ion content using quantitative analytical computerized instruments. 

Metal Particles This test is required only for ophthalmic ointments. The presence of metal particles will irritate the corneal or conjunctival surfaces of the eye. It is performed using 10 ointment tubes. The content from each tube is completely removed onto a clean 60-mm-diameter petridish which possesses a flat bottom. The lid is closed and the product is heated at 85 °C for 2 h. Once the product is melted and distributed uniformly, it is cooled to room temperature. The lid is removed after solidification. The bottom surface is then viewed through an optical microscope at 30x magnification. The viewing surface is illuminated using an external light source positioned at 45 ° on the top. The entire bottom surface of the ointment is examined, and the number of particles 50 pm or above are counted using a calibrated eyepiece micrometer. The USP recommends that the number of such particles in 10 tubes should not exceed 50, with not more than 8 particles in any individual tube. If these limits are not met, the test is repeated with an additional 20 tubes. In this case, the total number of particles in 30 tubes should not exceed 150, and not more than 3 tubes are allowed to contain more than 8 particles [15]. 

Nickel NitroaminoguctnidinefAn additive product), 2CHjOjNj +NiO, mw 312.87, N 44.77%, OB to CO, -20.4%. Brownish solid mp—expld with a flash on heating in a flame, but did not expl on heating in a test tube to 220°. Expld mildly on impact. Insol in w and in most org solvents dissolves in caustics with a blue coloration decomp by H, SO with the formation of poisonous gases. Can be prepd by boiling a dil soln of ammoniacal NiSO with a % soln of NAGu in the presence of some metallic Ni for 20 min... 

Identification of an efficient metal chelate for optimum absorption of NO requires knowledge of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the coordination of NO to various metal chelates. Knowledge is also needed of the kinetics and mechanisms of the reaction between nitrosyl metal chelates and absorbed SO2 in solution to calculate the regeneration rate of metal chelates and to control the products of reaction by adjusting the scrubber operating conditions. Not much of this information is available in the literature, although several ferrous and cobalt chelates have been used as additives for testing in bench-scale wet flue gas simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification scrubbers. 

Mechanochemical aminochlorination of electron-deficient olefins with chloramine-T offers an access to highly functionalized systems (Scheme 3.79) [53]. Variety of additives was tested in the reaction of 1,3-diphenylpropenone to find out that reactions promoted by Phl(OAc)2 (50mol%) are the most efficient to produce vicinal chloroamino compounds 295. Hydrates of metal chlorides (Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Ce, Sn, and In) were less active and Cul nonreactive. Optimized reaction conditions were then employed for various electron-deficient olefins 294 (Table 3.40). Comparison with reactions carried out in organic solvents showed that the solvent-free mechanochemical reactions were the most efficient in terms of product yield and reaction time (entry 1). 

The physiology of PAL production in plants has attracted much attention, partly because the control mechanism of PAL synthesis ultimately determines how much phenolic is produced at any one time in plant tissues. Engelsma has found that addition of Mn can increase PAL levels in plants, or at least in gherkin hypocotyls. A range of other metal ions was tested and the only other with any effect, a slight one, was Mg ". The effect of Mn is indirect, since it is presumably involved in removing from the site of synthesis hydroxy-cinnamic acids which normally accumulate and repress and/or inactivate PAL. 

Alkali or alkaline-earth salts of both complexes are soluble in water (except for Ba2[Fe(CN)g]) but are insoluble in alcohol. The salts of hexakiscyanoferrate(4—) are yellow and those of hexakiscyanoferrate(3—) are mby red. A large variety of complexes arise when one or more cations of the alkah or alkaline-earth salts is replaced by a complex cation, a representative metal, or a transition metal. Many salts have commercial appHcations, although the majority of industrial production of iron cyanide complexes is of iron blues such as Pmssian Blue, used as pigments (see Pigments, inorganic). Many transition-metal salts of [Fe(CN)g] have characteristic colors. Addition of [Fe(CN)g] to an unknown metal salt solution has been used as a quaUtative test for those transition metals. 

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