Petroleum hydrocarbons accumulation

Van der Plas AJ, Voogt PA (1983) Histochemical observations on the pyloric caeca of Asterias rubens (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) in relation to the reproductive cycle. J Morphol 178 179-186 Van Dyke RA, Baker MT, Jansson I, Schenkman J (1988) Reductive metabolism of halothane by purified cytochrome P-450. Biochem Pharmacol 37 2357-2361 Varanasi U, Malins DC (1977) Metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons accumulation and biotransformation in marine organisms. In Malins DC (ed) Effects of petroleum on arctic and subarctic marine environments and organisms, Vol 2 Biological effects. Academic Press, New York, pp 175-270... 

To detect surface anomalies caused by hydrocarbon accumulations often very small amounts of petroleum compounds have leaked into the overlying strata and to the surface. On land, these compounds, mostly gases, may be detectable in soil samples. 

In Section 5.2.8 we shall look at pressure-depth relationships, and will see that the relationship is a linear function of the density of the fluid. Since water is the one fluid which is always associated with a petroleum reservoir, an understanding of what controls formation water density is required. Additionally, reservoir engineers need to know the fluid properties of the formation water to predict its expansion and movement, which can contribute significantly to the drive mechanism in a reservoir, especially if the volume of water surrounding the hydrocarbon accumulation is large. 

Because of the relative complexity of the analytical methods for total petroleum hydrocarbons, there is a need for devising methods for the determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons. But the major problem lies in the range of compounds covered by the term hydrocarbons. Again, the most notable variation is in the relative volatility and other properties of the hydrocarbons under investigation. Although instrumental detection methods are available (Sadler and Connell, 2003), another approach involves collection of the contaminated soil and sealing it in a container, where the soil gas can accumulate. This gas is then analyzed by one of several reliable instrumental procedures. 

Anderson JW, Neff IM. 1977. Accumulation and release of petroleum hydrocarbons by edible marine animals. Proceedings of the International Symposium on recent advances in the assessment of the health effects of environmental pollution, Paris, June 24-28,1974. Vol. 3 1461-1469. 

Various workers have assembled relatively complete assessments of the annual input of the major biological nutrients (C, N, P), certain heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu), and petroleum hydrocarbons to Narragansett Bay. Other studies have developed inventories of the amounts of these materials in the sediments of the Bay. We have brought these data together with information on sediment accumulation rates in the Bay to determine the degree to which this one estuary serves as a sink for different types of materials in their passage between land and the coastal ocean. 

Estimates of recent inputs to Narragansett Bay (RI, USA), accumulation rates within the sediments of the Bay, and losses from the Bay to the atmosphere and offshore waters for major nutrients, various heavy metals, and total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Accumulation of point sources from land use of petroleum products also can affect surface waters. For example, urban riverine inputs of volatile hydrocarbons to the marine environment have been studied in the coastal waters of Spain by Gomez-Belinchon et al. (1991). Volatile petroleum hydrocarbon inputs from two rivers were found to account for a mass flux of 47tyr and 96tyr of alkylbenzenes and 38tyr and 66 tyr of w-alkanes each. Although this was a significant mass flux, the... 

Wetzel DL, Van Vleet ES. Accumulation and distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons found in mussels in the canals of Venice Italy. Mar Pollut Bull 2004 48(9-10) 927-36. 

Petroleum-derived hydrocarbons and their metabolites (e.g., fatty acids), especially those in the aliphatic and aromatic EC>16-EC35 fractions, tend to accumulate in the liver, spleen, and adipose tissues. There are no known clinical methods to facilitate or accelerate removal of petroleum hydrocarbons or their metabolites from these tissues. 

Whilst certain aspects of the exact formation mechanism for these petroleum inclusions is unknown (cf. Roedder 1984 Nedkvitne et al. 1993), the data presented here, as well as unpublished work from several petroleum accumulations in Jurassic sands from the Viking Graben and the Haltenbanken area (Norwegian Shelf), suggest that diagenesis proceeds, utilizing residual water films, even under petroleum saturations corresponding to those found today in these petroleum-filled accumulations (up to 80% hydrocarbon saturation). 

SuRDAM, R. C. ET AL. 1997. Anomalously pressured gas compartments in Cretaceous rocks of the Laramide Basins of Wyoming a new class of hydrocarbon accumulation. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 67. 

Stegeman, J.J. and Teal, J.M., 1973. Accumulation, release and retention of petroleum hydrocarbons by the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Biol., 22 37—44. 

Several criteria must be met before petroleum hydrocarbons can accumulate to form a field ... 

Roesijadi G, Anderson JW, Blaylock JW (1977) Uptake of hydrocarbons from marine sediments contaminated with Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil influence of feeding type of test species and availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Fish Res Board Can 35 608-614 Rossi SS (1977) Bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons from water, sediments and detritus to the marine annelid, Neanthes arenaceodentata. Proc. 1977 oil spill conference (Prevention, behaviour, control, cleanup) Washington DC, Am Petrol Inst, pp 621-626 Rossi SS, Anderson JW (1977) Accumulation and release of fuel-oil-derived diaromatic hydrocarbons by the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Mar Biol 39 51-55 Rossi SS, Anderson JW, Ward GS (1976) Toxicity of water-soluble fractions of four test oils for the polychaetous annelids, Neanthes arenaceodentata and Capitella capitata. Environ Pollut 10 9-18 Sanborn HR, Malins DC (1977) Toxicity and metabolism of naphthalene a study with marine larval invertebrates. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 154 151-155 Sanborn HR, Malins DC (1980) The disposition of aromatic hydrocarbons in adult spot shrimp Pandalus platyceros) and the formation of metabolites of naphthalene in adult and larval spot shrimp. Xenobiotica 10 193-200... 

Lee RF (1977) Accumulation and turnover of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine organisms. In Wolf D (ed) Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems and Organisms. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 60-70. 

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