Petroleum hydrocarbons paraffins

Composition A mixture of high-hoiling solid petroleum hydrocarbons (paraffin) mixed with some liquid hydrocarbons which bave not been removed in the refining. 

Oxidation of hydrocarbons. Paraffin wax in the petroleum industry was oxidized in a gamma field at a higher temperature to produce higher alcohols and fatty acids. The yield envisaged was as a few thousand tons per year. 

It is a petroleum hydrocarbon, an inert viscous liquid. It is a faecal softener and causes lubrication of hard scybali by coating them. Paraffin lubricates the passage of faeces. It is not absorbed and is safe. 

Konig Explosives. J.B. Konig patented in 1890 a method of prepn of expls by nitration of high bp hydrocarbons derived from the distn of coal, bituminous shales or residues of petroleum refineries, paraffins and ozokerite Ref Daniel (1902), 395... 

Owing to these properties a mixture of tetranitromethane with paraffin is preferable to mixtures containing other oxidizing agents. The explosive decomposition of the tetranitromethane mixtures with petroleum hydrocarbons in stoichiometric... 

PARAFFIN. (1) Also called alkane. A class of aliphatic hydrocarbons characterized by a straight or branched carbon chain generic formula CBH2n+2- Their physical form varies with increasing molecular weight from gases (methane) to waxy solids. They occur principally in Pennsylvania and mid-continent petroleum. (2) Paraffin Wax. 

To determine them quantitatively, the essential oil is oxidised completely with fuming nitric add, as in the estimation of petroleum in oil of turpentine (see Chapter IX, this volume). Some ethereal oils, such as rose, chamomile and neroli oils, contain naturally solid hydrocarbons (paraffin wax). 

Most USTs contain petroleum products that are mixtures of four types of hydrocarbons paraffins, olefins, naphthalenes, and aromatics. 

Ci uuc oil—complex, naturally occurring fluid mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, yellow to black in color, and also containing small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur derivatives and other impurities. Crude oil was formed by the action of bacteria, heat, and pressure on ancient plant and animal remains, and is usually found in layers of porous rock such as limestone or sandstone, capped by an impervious layer of shale or clay that traps the oil (see reservoir). Crude oil varies in appearance and hydrocarbon composition depending on the locality where it occurs, some crudes being predominately naphthenic, some paraffinic, and others asphaltic. Crude is refined to yield petroleum products. See distillation, hydrocarbon, sour crude, sweet crude, asphalt, naphthene, paraffin. 

Semisolid petroleum jelly is a highly refined product commonly known as vaseline, a mixture of predominantly C16-C19 alkanes. Carefully controlled refining processes are used to remove nitrogen and sulfur compounds, resins, and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Paraffin wax is a similar product, behaving as a solid. Neither petroleum jelly nor paraffin is digested or absorbed by the body. 

Paraffin wax is a solid crystalline mixture of straight-chain (normal) hydrocarbons ranging from C20 to C30 and possibly higher, that is, CH3(CH2)nCH3 where n > 18. It is distinguished by its solid state at ordinary temperatures [25°C (77°F)] and low viscosity [35 to 45 SUS at 99°C (210°F)] when melted. However, in contrast to petroleum wax, petrolatum (petroleum jelly), paraffin wax does in fact contain both solid and liquid hydrocarbons. It is essentially a low-melting, ductile, microcrystalline wax. 

Today hydrocarbons are extracted from the ground at well sites, then processed further at refineries. (See Figure 13.34.) The first commercial oil well in North America was located in southern Ontario s Enniskillen Township. It began production in 1858. At that time, kerosene (which was used to fuel lamps) was the principal focus of the young petroleum industry. Paraffin (for making candles) and lubricating oils were also produced, but there was little demand for other hydrocarbon materials, such as gasoline. 

Petroleum Wax, Synthetic, occurs as an off white to white wax. It is a refined mixture of solid hydrocarbons, paraffinic in nature, prepared by the catalytic polymerization of ethylene or copolymer of ethylene with linear (C3-C12) alpha-olefins. Synthetic Petroleum Wax ranges in melting point from about 77° to 116° (170° to 240°F). It is most soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons and least soluble in ketones, in esters, and in alcohols. 

Lubricating oils are composed of 80-90% petroleum hydrocarbon distillate with 10-20% additives to impart specific properties to the oil. The petroleum hydrocarbon distillate generally consists of paraffinic or naphthenic compounds, whose properties are listed in Table 1. 

Hydrocarbons constitute 50-98% of petroleum, and the remainder is composed chiefly of organic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and trace amounts of organometallic compounds. The hydrocarbon types found in petroleum are paraffins (alkanes), cycloparafflns (naphthenes or... 

Petroleum crude oils can be broadly divided into paraffinic, asphaltic, and mixed crude oils (WHO 1982). Paraffinic crude oils are composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons (paraffins), paraffin wax (longer chain aliphatics), and high grade oils. Naphtha is the lightest of the paraffin fraction, followed by... 

Synonym(s) Paraffin oils, Heavy mineral oil, Light mineral oil, Liquid paraffin, Aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons, Liquid Vaseline, Paraffins, Paroleine, Liquid Petrolatum, White Mineral Oil, White Oils RTECS 1995 ATSDR 1997b... 

All caustobolites, however, contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen even though in different proportions for different caustobolites. Specifically, petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other carbon compounds. At the elemental level, it consists of elements such as carbon (84-87%) and hydrogen (12-14%) as well as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (1-2%). The sulfur content can sometimes be up to 3-5%. Overall, petroleum consists of hydrocarbons, asphaltenes and resins, paraffins, sulfur and ash. There are three main groups of hydrocarbons in petroleum—namely, paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons [2]. 

The chemical classification of petroleum that distinguishes between oils of a paraffin base from those of an asphaltene base was introduced into petroleum chemistry to distinguish the oils that separate paraffin on cooling from those that separate asphaltenes. The presence of paraffins is usually reflected in the paraffinic nature of the constituent fractions whereas a high asphaltic content corresponds with the naphthenic properties of the fractions. This could lead to the misconception that paraffin-base petroleum consists mainly of paraffins and that asphalt-base petroleum consists mainly of cyclic (or naphthenic) hydrocarbons. In order to avoid confusion, a mixed base has been introduced for those oils that leave a mixture of asphaltic petroleum and paraffins as residue from nondestruc-... 

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