Petroleum hydrocarbons occurrence

Klinchuch, L.A., Delfino, T.A., Jefferson, J.L. and Waldron, J.M. (1999) Does biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons affect the occurrence or mobility of dissolved arsenic in groundwater Environmental Geosciences, 6(1), 9-24. 

Although in general water quality at Barton Springs is good, there have been occurrences of contamination across the aquifer. Petroleum hydrocarbons, arsenic, lead, pesticides, and other compounds have been identified from aquifer wells (Hauwert and Vickers, 1994). Many of these compounds sorb onto solid surfaces in much higher concentrations than their concentration in water. 

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 8, pp. 22-48, 137-170, 198-212 Chiarelli, A., 1978. Hydrodynamic framework of Eastern Algerian Sahara. Influence on hydrocarbon occurrence. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 667-685... 

Hitchon, B., 1984. Geothermal gradients, hydrodynamics, and hydrocarbon occurrences, Alberta, Canada. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 713-743... 

Mclver, R., 1975. Hydrocarbon occurrences from JOIDES Deep Sea Drilling Project. Proceedings of the 9 World Petroleum Congress (Tokyo), 2, Applied Science Publishers, Barking, pp. 269-280. 

Disturbance of the natural surface microlayer by chronic or adventitious spills of petroleum has become an unfortunately common occurrence in the last 30 years. In areas with heavy ship traffic, as much as 85% of the surface organic matter may be petroleum hydrocarbons (Morris, 1974). Both crude and refined oils have been repeatedly spilled in large accidents. Crude petroleum is a bewilderingly complex mixture of hydrocarbons, phenols, carboxylic acids, nitrogen and sulfur heterocycles, and other constituents. During the refining process, some classes of compounds may be almost entirely removed, but others may be produced in addition, additives such as antioxidants may be introduced. 

Echikh K. (1998) Geology and hydrocarbon occurrences in the Ghadames Basin, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya. In Petroleum Geology of North Africa (eds. D. S. MACGREGOR, R. T. J. Moody and D. E. Clark-Lowes), GeoL Soc. London Spec. Publ. 132, pp. 109 129. 

Testa, S. M., Baker, D. M., and Avery, P. L., 1989, Field Studies on Occurrence, Recoverability and Mitigation Strategy for Free Phase Liquid Hydrocarbon In Environmental Concerns in the Petroleum Industry (edited by S. M. Testa), Pacific Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Symposium Volume, pp. 57-81. 

Occurrence. Carbon is distributed very widely in nature as calcium carbonate (limestone). Coal, petroleum and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth and dissolved in all natural waters. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96% C02. It is plentiful in the sun, stars, comets and the atmospheres of most planets. 

Initially, we will be concerned with the physical properties of alkanes and how these properties can be correlated by the important concept of homology. This will be followed by a brief survey of the occurrence and uses of hydrocarbons, with special reference to the petroleum industry. Chemical reactions of alkanes then will be discussed, with special emphasis on combustion and substitution reactions. These reactions are employed to illustrate how we can predict and use energy changes — particularly AH, the heat evolved or absorbed by a reacting system, which often can be estimated from bond energies. Then we consider some of the problems involved in predicting reaction rates in the context of a specific reaction, the chlorination of methane. The example is complex, but it has the virtue that we are able to break the overall reaction into quite simple steps. 

Landis E. R. and Weaver J. N. (1993) Global coal occurrence. In Hydrocarbons from Coal, AAPG Studies in Geology 38 (eds. B. E. Law and D. D. Rice). American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, pp. 1-12. 

Bioremediation has been successfully demonstrated for a variety of contaminant classifications. The majority of the studies have focused on petroleum compounds (BTEX, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc.) because of their widespread occurrence as a contaminant. The other major waste classifications where bioremediation has been successful are solvents (toluene, trichloroethylene, etc.), creosote, pulp and paper, pesticides, textiles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Table 1 contains a partial list of the microbial genus successfully implemented for these contaminants. For aqueous petroleum contaminants, bacteria and yeasts are the most prevalent degraders. In contaminated soil systems, bacteria and fungi are the microorganisms responsible for degradation. ... 

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