Petroleum hydrocarbons invertebrates

Lee RF, Ryan C, Neuhauser ML (1976) Fate of petroleum hydrocarbons taken up from food and water by the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Mar Biol 37 363-370 Lee RF, Furlong E, Singer S (1977) Metabolism of hydrocarbons in marine invertebrates aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase from the tissues of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the polychaete worm. Nereis sp. In Giam CS (1977) Pollutant effects on marine organisms. Lexington, Lexington, pp 111-124... 

Roesijadi G, Anderson JW, Blaylock JW (1977) Uptake of hydrocarbons from marine sediments contaminated with Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil influence of feeding type of test species and availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Fish Res Board Can 35 608-614 Rossi SS (1977) Bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons from water, sediments and detritus to the marine annelid, Neanthes arenaceodentata. Proc. 1977 oil spill conference (Prevention, behaviour, control, cleanup) Washington DC, Am Petrol Inst, pp 621-626 Rossi SS, Anderson JW (1977) Accumulation and release of fuel-oil-derived diaromatic hydrocarbons by the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Mar Biol 39 51-55 Rossi SS, Anderson JW, Ward GS (1976) Toxicity of water-soluble fractions of four test oils for the polychaetous annelids, Neanthes arenaceodentata and Capitella capitata. Environ Pollut 10 9-18 Sanborn HR, Malins DC (1977) Toxicity and metabolism of naphthalene a study with marine larval invertebrates. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 154 151-155 Sanborn HR, Malins DC (1980) The disposition of aromatic hydrocarbons in adult spot shrimp Pandalus platyceros) and the formation of metabolites of naphthalene in adult and larval spot shrimp. Xenobiotica 10 193-200... 

Excretion of the electrophilic intermediates as conjugated derivatives has been well identified in terrestial mammals as well as in marine species. All marine species investigated are able to conjugate the oxide intermediates to GSH-derivatives (Bend etaL, 1977). Generally, invertebrates show lower activity than vertebrates. In addition, wide variation in glutathione-S-transferase activity has been observed beween species and substrates used. Reasonable experimental evidence now exists for the enzyme-mediated biotransformation of petroleum hydrocarbons in several marine fish and invertebrate species. 

Typical of many organic pollutants, petroleum hydrocarbons are sorbed rapidly by aquatic invertebrates until a steady state or equilibrium in concentrations is achieved. The rate of uptake depends primarily on the exposure concentration, but temperature and other environmental factors may alter the metabolic rate of the animal and hence rate of uptake. Most petroleum hydrocarbons are lipophilic and thus the maximum level achieved during the steady-state phase depends on the body lipid content, as well as exposure concentration (Figure 7.7). Depuration from tissues is generally rapid but once again depends on temperature. Bums and Smith (1981), working in relatively warm Australian waters, found that 90% of hydrocarbons in the mussel Mytilus was eliminated within 3 weeks. By contrast, the same species required 14 weeks for 90% clearance of fuel oil under European winter conditions (Blackman and Law, 1980). 

In general, aquatic invertebrates are substantially more sensitive to petroleum hydrocarbons than algae (Mahoney and Haskin, 1980). LC50S of 1-5 mg L have been reported for the water-soluble fraction of many types of crude oil, but this range can be extended to <0.1-100 mg L depending... 

Exposure of various invertebrate species to high concentrations of petroleum did not induce mixed function oxidase activity. Enzyme activity was stimulated, however, in a number of fish tissues by petroleum. Different permutations can be addressed as to the significance of basal or induced levels of mixed function oxidases and hydrocarbon toxicity. AHH may have a physiological role in enhancing hydrocarbon clearance but may also increase the mutagenic-carcinogenic potential of hydrocarbons. Both of these concepts have been demonstrated in studies with fish (29,30). Induced AHH levels may permit a more rapid oxidative transformation with concomitant "disappearance" of parent hydrocarbons, but potentially toxic metabolites could be retained in tissues for longer periods (31). It is likely that at the enzymic level the... 

M.C. Pelletier, R.M. Burgess, K.T. Ho, A. Kuhn, R.A. McKinney, S.A. Ryba (1997). Phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum to marine invertebrate larvae and juveniles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16,2190-2199. 

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