Case study,

Three case studies have been selected in order to draw out some of the principles and considerations described above. They are (i) the migration of a residual monomer from a can coating (ii) the migration of an additive from a plasticised plastic film (iii) the migration of a photoinitiator used in a printing ink. 

1 Case study 1 migration of residual TPA and IPA monomer from can coatings 

Terephthalic acid (benzene 1,4-dicarboxylate, TPA) and isophthalic acid (benzene 1,3-dicarboxylate, IPA) are reactive bi-functional acids used as monomers to make plastics and coatings. TPA is a starting material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET). TPA and IPA are used to make polyester lacquers and coatings including the internal coatings of food cans. 

Twenty-eight of fifty-four samples purchased were found to have coatings made from polyester resins and so their contents were analysed for TPA and IPA. Analysis was by GC-MS after extraction and derivatisation to form the dimethyl esters of TPA and IPA. Included in the analytical quality assurance steps taken was participation in a check-sample exercise whereby four samples were supplied by a second laboratory and analysed blind. The performance of the testing laboratory was assessed from the accuracy and precision of their measurements and was demonstrated to be acceptable. 

TPA was found in three of the twenty-eight samples, at or just above the limit of quantification and in seven samples at levels between the limit of detection and limit of quantification (0.2 and 0.7 mg/kg respectively). The highest concentration of TPA observed was 0.8 mg/kg. Seven of the ten food samples 

In the following, case studies using selected characterization techniques are presented. Hereby, both sensor and actuator properties as well as potential applications are considered and specific results are illustrated. Beyond the presented studies, the measurement principles can be adopted for other applications, using different transducers and structures. 

Cyclic three-point-bending of long fiber-reinforced polyurethane composite structures with novel integrated 

For the characterizations presented, sensor specifications with parameters shown in Table 7.1 have been nsed. 

Lower Plezoceramic functional Upper electrode layer made of fibers electrode 

2 Textile-reinforced thermoplastic structure with material homogeneous embedded piezoceramic modules 

In the following, several examples have been selected from actual case studies carried out in previous years in the author s laboratory. One of the experiences made is that at certain times specific off-odors seem to occur for different manufacturers, in other words the flavor of the month . This is apparently due to the widespread use of some technology for a particular application at a certain point in time. 

In this chapter some examples of green chemical technology which have met with commercial success are discussed. The examples have been chosen to reflect a cross-section of both the industry and the wide variety of applications in which chemicals are used. 

1 Ruggedness tests of a HPLC method for the determination of tetracycline.HCl as described in the USP XXII [38] 

Analogous results are found from the statistical analyses of the Plackett-Burman and the fractional factorial design in spite of the different level of confounding in these designs and of the different ways of estimating (SE).  

The normal probability plots also lead to identical conclusions as the statistical analysis with the /-tests. 

FACTORS AND THEIR LEVELS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TETRACYCLINE.HCL (CASE STUDY 1) 

One concludes for example that for the response capacity factor the ageing of the column (factor F) has the most significant effect. The amoimt DMF in the mobile phase (factor B) has a smaller effect which is on the limit of significancy. The effect of the factors A, C, D and E on the capacity factor is not significant. For the retention time the same conclusions as for the capacity factor can be drawn with as only difference the fact that the flow of the mobile phase (factor D) has a large effect. 

Relations between the structure and properties have been investigated in a variety of solids such as metal oxides, chalcogenides, pnictides and halides. In addition to studying model systems for testing theoretical predictions, solid state chemists have been preparing new classes of solids as well as novel members of known types of solids. In this section, we have chosen three classes of solids, viz. metal oxides, metal sulphides and metal fluorides, to discuss structure-property relations we shall concentrate especially on their electrical and magnetic properties. 

Transition-metal oxides constitute an enormous group of solids exhibiting a wide 

Monoxides of 3d transition metals, TiO to NiO, possess the rocksalt structure and exhibit properties shown in Table 6.3. While TiO and VO exhibit properties characteristic of itinerant (or nearly itinerant) d electrons, MnO, FeO, CoO and NiO show localized electron properties. The properties can be understood in terms of the possible cation-cation and cation-anion-cation interactions in the rocksalt structure (Fig. 6.12(a)). Direct cation-cation interaction can occur through the overlap of cationic t2g orbitals across the face diagonal of the cubic structure. When this interaction is strong R and b b, cationic t2g orbitals are transformed into a cation sublattice t%g band if this band is partly occupied, the material would be 

A number of ternary oxides, LiMOj (M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) crystallize in ordered rocksalt structures. In M = V, Cr, Co and Ni compounds, the and Li ions are ordered in alternate (111) cation planes, introducing a unique [111] axis and rhombohedral symmetry. In LiVOj, the V-V distance is 2.84 A = 2.95 A. 

EuO is an interesting oxide in the rocksalt family (Honig Van Zandt, 1975). It is a ferromagnetic T = 69 K) insulator when pure and stoichiometric. Unlike the M oxides, superexchange interaction in EuO is ferromagnetic because the charge transfer 

In the following, representative examples have been selected to illustrate diverse features including 

One of the most important research issues related to theory and application of high Tc superconductors is the understanding of the influence of grain boundaries (GBs) on critical current density. Dimos et al. [4.1] reported that the critical current density through a GB fabricated on a bicrystal substrate 

Many TEM studies show that the GB films grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) on bicrystal substrates are wavy and the typical facet size is about 50 nm [4.35-4.37]. Therefore, the dependence of critical current density on misorientation angle is difficult to study with these films. Recently, liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) was successfully used to obtain large single-facet grain boundaries. Fig. 4.20 shows a plan-view image of the GB of a YBCO film grown on a 24° MgO bicrystal. It clearly shows that the GB is a symmetrical 

Therefore, these GBs can be used to study the real dependence of the critical current density on GB misorientation angle. Primary measurements on electrical properties for the bicrystal junction grown by LPE indicate that high critical density values and reproducible X products can be obtained from these GBs grown by LPE. Further studies of Jc dependence on misorientation angle are in progress [4.38]. 

It would not have been possible to write this chapter without the effort and cooperation of my research colleague Dr C. Traeholt. I should like, in particular, to thank Dr H. W. Zandbergen and Dr N. Koshizuka for providing financial support and stimulating scientific guidance. 

In the following we outline the principle of LTSEM and its application as a diagnostic tool for high Tc superconductors. We summarize the results which have been obtained up to now. Recently several reviews of LTSEM have appeared [5.4-5.8], and for details we will refer to these papers. 

1 Tactile dialogues keeping dementia patients in touch with their families 

During the demonstration visit (interface 1) the body is used as a way for the decision-maker to experience the effect of the vibrotactile stimuli and customise the fabric structure. Similarly, the family member has a chance to experience interaction with the pillow in an introduction session (interface 3). When the pillow is used during the visit (interface 5), the exploration of the bodily somaesthetic qualities opens up opportunities for social interaction. Further, the vibrotactile stimuli patterns and haptic sensations have a direct relation to the movements of the body. This principle makes it possible for even people with limited cognitive capabilities to still have an activity 

User profile What the user can do Interaction supported Service interface Interaction provided What the provider offers Provider profile 

Elder care manager (decisionmaker) Experience service value and better decision Try, ask questions, personalise, and buy 1. Representative visits care home Setup demonstrator and convince customer Dementia knowledge and technical support Tactile Dialogues company 

Multiple families of people with dementia Decision whether to use pillow during visits Try, ask questions about own situation 3. Tactile Dialogues information meeting Explain about pillow, demonstrate Information about product and service Elder care provider 

In recent years several FSM-IT matrices have been installed in various refineries onto pipes and vessels with different steel qualities, diameters, wall thickness and temperatures. 

A European chemical factory had corrosion/erosion problems in an inlet pipe, particularly weld corrosion. Traditional UT was seen to be unreliable because the uneven surfaces and varying wall thickness (not to mention the cramped space) made it a very challenging task for even the most experienced UT operator. Equipping the inlet with a sensing matrix allows the factory to regularly inspect for the onset of corrosion, with more intensive inspection if corrosion occurs. UT is also difficult to apply in high temperature. 

The application of the FSM-IT system has since been developed by iicorr Ltd (formerly CorrOcean Ltd) within over 20 refineries worldwide, for monitoring the effects of high temperature Naphthenic acid corrosion, which is an increasing concern with the processing of high acid - opportunity crudes. 

In addition iicorr have seen an increasing application of the technology in lower temperature locations i.e. monitoring of Hydrofluoric acid plant and Monel pipework. 

Market volumes (Ib/yr) Carpet collected satisfying market Market price ( /lb) Market distance (miles) 

1 million lb Case 1 Small market for small fraction 15% 0.09 1000 

1 million lb Case 3 Small and large market with fuel option 15% 0.09 1000 

Overall, analyzing the sorting, baling and shipping options can be formulated and solved using an optimization model of the type developed in Realff et al, 2004. The ability to establish intermediate hubs where the higher throughput can justify the investment, can be modeled easily in this framework. 

To understand the overall costs and system configuration, it is useful to examine several representative cases of how carpet recycling systems might be established. Three representative cases are given in Table 5.7. The market price is for the material delivered and hence the recycler must pay the transportation cost, which is why the distance to the market is provided. In each case it is assumed that the residual material that does not go to market must be disposed of in landfill. To make economic comparisons, a disposal cost and distance for landfill are assumed to be 50/ton and 100 miles, typical values for the north-east of the USA. In some cases an option to pay for the conversion of the material into a fuel at 0,015 is also provided this is also assumed to be essentially unlimited in its capacity and at a distance of 120 miles. It is assumed that the markets are for separate types of carpet and hence do not overlap except in the cases of landfill disposal and altemative fuel, which can take 100% of the carpet. 

The 1-565 highway bridge located in Huntsville, Alabama uses 23.17 m long pre-stressed concrete girders. Shortly after construction, large and unexpected cracks were observed close to the girder supports. This bridge was therefore selected by the Alabama Department of Transportation for evaluation of repair techniques. A 6.4 m area was selected to carry out repair 

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When considering secondary or enhanced oil recovery, it is important to establish where the remaining oil lies. Figure 8.21 shows an example of where the remaining oil may be, and the appropriate method of trying to recover it. The proportions are only an example, but such a diagram should be constructed for a specific case study to identify the target oil . 

The field of gas phase reaction dynamics has been extensively reviewed elsewhere [1, 2 and 3] in considerably greater detail than is appropriate for this chapter. Here, we begin by simnnarizing the key theoretical concepts and experimental teclmiques used in reaction dynamics, followed by a case study , the reaction F + H2 HF + H, which serves as an illustrative example of these ideas. 

The above discussion represents a necessarily brief simnnary of the aspects of chemical reaction dynamics. The theoretical focus of tliis field is concerned with the development of accurate potential energy surfaces and the calculation of scattering dynamics on these surfaces. Experimentally, much effort has been devoted to developing complementary asymptotic techniques for product characterization and frequency- and time-resolved teclmiques to study transition-state spectroscopy and dynamics. It is instructive to see what can be accomplished with all of these capabilities. Of all the benclunark reactions mentioned in section A3.7.2. the reaction F + H2 —> HE + H represents the best example of how theory and experiment can converge to yield a fairly complete picture of the dynamics of a chemical reaction. Thus, the remainder of this chapter focuses on this reaction as a case study in reaction dynamics. 

McDaniel E W and McDowell M R C (eds) 1969 Case Studies in Atomic Collision Physics (Amsterdam North-Flolland) vol 1... 

McDaniel E W and McDowell M R C (eds) 1972 Case Studies in Atomic Coiiision Physics (Amsterdam North-Holland) vol 2 McDaniel E W, i rmak V, Dalgarno A, Ferguson E E and Friedman L (eds) 1970 ion-Moiecuie Reactions (New York Wiley) Bates D R (ed) 1962 Afom/c and Moiecuiar Processes (New York Academic)... 

A comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the ideas of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo, with statistical mechanical background, advanced teclmiques and case studies, supported by a Web page for software download. 

Neuhauser D, Baer M and Kouri D J 1990 The application of optical potentials for reactive scattering a case study J. Chem. Phys. 93 2499... 

Not aii moiecuies are suited for estabiishing SAMs. The majority of cases studied have invoived assembiy of aikyi-chain-based entities. The moiecuies of seif-organizing chemicai compounds aii have a simiiar stmcture. The spontaneous nature of fiim fonnation is due to the interaction energies of the monoiayers. These can be considered in tenns of tiiree main components (figure C2.4.i0) [121], which cooperativeiy estabiish stabiiity, order and orientation in the monoiayer. 

IT. Total Molecular Wave Functdon TIT. Group Theoretical Considerations TV. Permutational Symmetry of Total Wave Function V. Permutational Symmetry of Nuclear Spin Function VT. Permutational Symmetry of Electronic Wave Function VIT. Permutational Symmetry of Rovibronic and Vibronic Wave Functions VIIT. Permutational Symmetry of Rotational Wave Function IX. Permutational Symmetry of Vibrational Wave Function X. Case Studies Lis and Other Systems... 

For the three cases studied in Section V.A, the similarity to the three corresponding Wigner matrices is achieved in the following way ... 

Recovery nd Purifica.tion. The production of EH Lilly s human insulin requires 31 principal processing steps of which 27 are associated with product recovery and purification (13). The production process for human insulin, based on a fermentation which yields proinsulin, provides an instmctive case study on the range of unit operations which must be considered in the recovery and purification of a recombinant product from a bacterial fermentation. Whereas the exact sequence has not been pubUshed, the principle steps in the purification scheme are outlined in Figure la. 

N. S. Brommelle and P. Smith, eds.. Case Studies in the Conservation of Stone and Wall Paintings, The International Institute for the Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London 1986. 

D. Tillman, E. Hughes, and B. Gold, "Cofiring of Biofuels in Coal Eked Boilers Results of Case Study Analysis," Proceedings First Biomass Conference... 

Other problems occur in the measurement of pH in unbuffered, low ionic strength media such as wet deposition (acid rain) and natural freshwaters (see Airpollution Groundwatermonitoring) (13). In these cases, studies have demonstrated that the principal sources of the measurement errors are associated with the performance of the reference electrode Hquid junction, changes in the sample pH during storage, and the nature of the standards used in caHbration. Considerable care must be exercised in all aspects of the measurement process to assure the quaHty of the pH values on these types of samples. 

Other studies indicate that sucrose does not cause hyperactivity. Carbohydrate ingestion increases levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a brain neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation and sleep. Dietary sucrose should theoretically have a calming effect and reduce activity, manifestations which have been observed in case studies (63). To date, clinical investigations have failed to show a significant connection between sucrose consumption and aggressive or dismptive behavior (66). 

L. W. Bamthouse, R. J. Klauda, D. S. Vaughan, and R. L. Kendak, eds.. Science, Eaw, and Hudson Fiver Power Plants, A Case Study in Environmental Impact Assessment, American Fisheries Society Monograph 4, Bethesda, Md., 1988. 

M. W. Kemblowski and co-workers, "Fate and Transport of Residual Hydrocarbon in Ground Water A Case Study," Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, presented at the conference and exposition. National Water Well Association and American Petroleum Institute, Nov. 17—19, 1987. 

T. Pheiffei, "Case Study of the Eglin Ait Eoice Base Ground Water Bioremediation System," in Innovative Operational Treatment Technologiesfor Application to Supefund Sites Nine Case Studies U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

I. Yeboah, Conversion to Powder Coating Case Study, Paper FC 89-627, Finishing 89 Conference Papers S.M.E. Dearborn, Mich., Oct. 1989. 

At times, it is possible to build an empirical mathematical model of a process in the form of equations involving all the key variables that enter into the optimisation problem. Such an empirical model may be made from operating plant data or from the case study results of a simulator, in which case the resultant model would be a model of a model. Practically all of the optimisation techniques described can then be appHed to this empirical model. 

Melt crystallization is carried out either with a suspension of crystals or an advanciag front (layer) of soHds, although a more complete categorization of melt crystallization is available (71). FoUowiag is a brief review of processes ia which melt crystallization is used a more complete review, including a worked out case study for system design, is available (69). 

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