ETHOXYLATED PHENOL

Di- and Triisobutylcncs. Diisobutylene [18923-87-0] and tnisobutylenes are prepared by heating the sulfuric acid extract of isobutylene from a separation process to about 90°C. A 90% yield containing 80% dimers and 20% trimers results. Use centers on the dimer, CgH, a mixture of 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-1 and -2. Most of the dimer-trimer mixture is added to the gasoline pool as an octane improver. The balance is used for alkylation of phenols to yield octylphenol, which in turn is ethoxylated or condensed with formaldehyde. The water-soluble ethoxylated phenols are used as surface-active agents in textiles, paints, caulks, and sealants (see Alkylphenols). 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

Alkylphenol. Alkylphenol is a common surfactant intermediate used to produce alkylphenol ethoxylates. Phenol reacts with an olefin thermally without a catalyst but with relatively poor yields. Catalysts for the reaction include sulfuric acid p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), strong acid resins, and boron trifluoride (BF3). Of these, strong acid resins and BF3 are mostly widely used for the production of surfactant-grade alkylphenols. The most common alkylphenols are octylphenol, nonylphenol, and dodecylphe-nol. Mono nonylphenol (MNP) is by far the most common hydrophobe. It is produced by the alkylation of phenol with nonene under acid conditions. All commercially produced MNP is made with nonene based on propylene trimer. Because of the skeletal rearrangements that occur during propylene oligomerization, MNP is a complex mixture of branched isomers. 

Emulsion breakers are typically specific for site or crude-oil type. Conventional emulsion breakers are most commonly formulated from the following types of chemistries polyglycols and polyglycol esters, ethoxylated alcohols and amines, ethoxylated resins, ethoxylated phenol formaldehyde resins, ethoxylated nonylphenols, polyhydric alcohols, and sulfonic acid salts. Commercial emulsion breakers may contain but one type of active ingredient or intermediate or a variety of intermediate types. 

Interesting results on emulsifier-natural stabiliser interactions were described in [243]. Ethoxylated phenol-formaldehyde resins were used as emulsifiers, e.g. polyalkylphenols-polyalkylene-poiyamines-formaldehyde ethoxylates (PAPAFE). PAPAFE containing more amino groups are able to solubilise asphaltenes. This leads to desorption of these natural surfactants from the interface, thus increasing the demulsifying effect. 

Soluble or hydrolyzed starch Polyethylene glycols Ethoxylated fatty alcohols Polyvinyl alcohols Polyvinyl pyrrolidones Ethoxylated phenols... 

Aveyard et al. systematically studied phase behavior of the specific nonionics with varied HLBs to illustrate demulsification (202). They emphasized that changing the HLBof the system and not the HLBnumber of the surfactant can promote the demulsification of crude or model emulsions. The HLBof the system of Forties crude oil emulsion with ethoxylated phenol-formaldehyde resins was... 

The ethoxylated phenol substance thus manufactured shall be regarded as a polymer if both following conditions are met ... 

In Table 2.1 three different compositions of the ethoxylated phenol snbstance are considered. For each example, the wt% of every molecnle present in the substance is reported. 

Table 2.1 Molecular composition of three examples of ethoxylated phenol substances ...

In Example 1, the substance consists of 10% ethoxylated phenol with n = 2, 85% with n = 3 and 5% with n = 4. This substance comprises 85 wt% of the same polymer... 

Alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, secondary alkanesulfonate, soap, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, alcohol-sulfate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate Ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyalkylene glycol ether Phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, silicate, citrate, gluconate, polyacrylate, EDTA-salt, phosphonate Alcohol, alcohol glycol ether, pine oil, rt-limonene Sodium/potassium hydroxide, alkanol-amine, ammonia, magnesium hydroxide Sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate... 

Nonionic surfactant Ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide, carbamates, alkyl polyglycoside 0-5... 

Interestingly, a case of allergic contact dermatitis due to cobalt-2-ethylhexoate in a Finnish offset printer has been reported (Kanerva et al. 1996). It is used as a paint and ink drier, whitener and catalyst. Although isolated cobalt allergy is rare, cobalt salts are well-known sensitisers, and this has long been recognised in painters. Dermatitis patients in contact with inks, paints or varnishes need to be patch tested with cobalt, which is routine, as cobalt chloride is a member of the standard series however its potential occupational relevance may well be overlooked. Ethoxylated phenol and its phosphate salt have been described as sensitisers (Ashworth 1991) these compounds are used as surfactants in plate developers. 

Ethoxylated phenol, 1% aq (surfactant in plate developers Ashworth and White 1991)... 

Ashworth J, White IR (1991) Contact allergy to ethoxylated phenol. Contact Dermatitis 24 133-134... 

Ethoxylation. Phenols and primary or secondary aromation amines can be reacted with ethylene oxide to provide 2-hydroxyethyl... 

Chem. Descrip. Ethoxylated phenolic resin in aromatic solv. tonic Nature Nonionic Uses Surfactant Properties Amber vise. liq. 

Chem. Descrip. Ethoxylated phenolic resin in aromatic solv. 

Chem. Descrip. Complex org. phosphate ester of ethoxylated phenol, free add... 

Chem. Descrip. Ethoxylated phenol, 4 EO ionic Nature Nonionic CAS 9004-78-8... 

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