Markers, biological

The isotopes produced by reactors are not common as biological markers. The absorption of neutrons generally results in radioisotopes (qv) that He below the line of stabiUty on the chart of the nucHdes. These tend to decay by j3 -emission, an undesirable mode for a diagnostic. 

National Research Council, "Biologic Markers of Air Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests."... 

Extensive research is currently underway to use biological markers (biomarkers) in exposure and risk assessment. Biomarkers include the reaction products of chemicals or their metabolic products with biological macromolecules, especially with DNA. They also involve indicators of effect, such as chromosomal damage, and indicators of individual genetic susceptibility. 

NAS/NRC. 1989. Biologic markers in reproductive toxicology. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, DC National Academy Press, 15-35. 

Bradlow HE, Davis DL, Lin G, et al. 1995. Effects of pesticides on the ratio of 16a/2-hydroxyestrone A biologic marker of breast cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl. 7) 147-150. 

Monster AC. 1988. Biological markers of solvent exposure. Arch Environ Health 43 90-93. 

HININGER I A, MEYER-WENGER A, MOSER U, WRIGHT A, SOUTHON S, THURNHAN D, CHOPRA M, VAN CEN BERG H, OLMEDILLA B, FAVIER A E and ROUSSEL A M (2001) No significant effects of lutein, lycopene or beta-carotene supplementation on biological markers of oxidative stress and LDL oxidisability in healthy adult subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 20(3) 232-238. 

A range of biomarkers (biological markers) have been developed for the detection of microorganisms using both their genetic (DNA and RNA) and biochemical components. Most methods have originated from studies on pure isolates and have been adapted to identify and quantify either the total or a sub.set of the microbial biomass in a sample. In these methods,. specific taxonomic or pheno-... 

GENETIC AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS IN DRUG ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM. Monique C. Braude, Ph.D., and Helen M. Chao, Ph.D., eds. 

Lawson, W. B. (1990). Biological markers in neuropsychiatric disorders racial and ethnic factors. In E. Sorel, ed., Family, Culture, and Psychobiology. New York Levas. 

Duration and route of exposure can influence the interpretation of biological markers for instance, in some cases, pesticides that are inhaled remain in systemic circulation longer than those that are ingested. Compounds characterized by a slow process of dermal absorption can give rise to prolonged kinetics if compared to the kinetics following ingestion or inhalation of the same compounds. 

PbB concentrations reflect the absorbed dose of lead. However, the interpretation of PbB data depends on a knowledge of the past history of exposure to lead. This is because in the body, bone constitutes the major lead sink and this results in lead having a long body half-life. Thus, in the absence of intense exposure to lead for a considerable period up to its body half-life, the PbB concentrations reflect recent lead exposures. However, if intermittent exposure to lead is occurring in several distinct environments, the PbB concentration reflects both recent and past exposures to lead. Thus, biological effects for populations with the same PbB concentrations may not be the same since different exposure times scales may be involved. This is the reason why free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) have been used as additional biological markers since their elevation is more related to chronic lead exposure than acute lead exposure (see Section 2.7). 

ATSDR. 1995. Multisite lead and cadmium exposure study with biological markers incorporated. Atlanta, GA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 

Hu H, Rabinowitz M, Smith D. 1998. Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity conceptual paradigms. Environmental Health Perspectives 106(1) 1-8. 

In order to test this, Kelly et al. (1997) point out that we need a set of biological markers thought to be sensitive to long-term systematic differences in socioeconomic status and living conditions, and these markers must be feasible to measure in large population surveys, so their role in the biological embedding process can be evaluated on a population-based, person-specific basis. 

Derivatives of furozan and furoxan have a wide spectrum of applications. First of all they are used as starting materials in organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals. Particular attention has been focused on furoxans as sources of NO in biological studies, biological markers, fluorescent and energetic materials. 

Tsugani S, Tsuda M, Gey F and Watanabe S. 1992. Cross-sectional study with multiple measurements of biological markers for assessing stomach cancer risks at the population level. Environ Health Perspect 98 207-210. 

No specific biologic marker/test is available for pulmonary agents as a class however, exposure to bromine might be indicated by detection of elevated bromide levels in serum (reference level is 50-100 mg/L), or if chlorine or bromine is released and they are detected in environmental samples. The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. 

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