Petroleum hydrocarbons heavy metals

A considerable amount of data had been assembled by 1976 on chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and radioactivity [19]. For the first time, littering of the marine environment, primarily by plastics, was identified as an emerging problem. Early toxicity data for both marine and freshwater environments were summarized as well [20]. 

In this chapter, we will discuss the basic controls on the transport of some of these contaminants mentioned above in the water column and sediments of estuaries. While there are five general classes of contaminants (petroleum hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, heavy metals, radionuclides, and litter) considered to be critical in coastal environments (Waldichuk, 1989), the primary focus will be on the biogeochemical dynamics of a select group of contaminants as they relate to other stressors, such as nutrients, in this chapter. For a more comprehensive assessment of the actual statistics on toxicity and surveys of the distribution and loading rates of all the aforementioned contaminants in estuaries, please refer to Kennish (1997). 

In one of the founding studies in immunotoxicology, Friend and Trainer [77] demonstrated that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) increased mortality of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings challenged with duck hepatitis virus. Since then the field of avian immunotoxicology has expanded to show that both the structure and function of the avian immune system often is affected by a diverse array of environmental contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and organic industrial chemicals. Wild birds have proven to be excellent sentinel species for assess-... 

Petroleum hydrocarbons, either dissolved, emulsified, or occurring as free-phase, will be the key constitnents, although wastewater may also contain significant concentrations of phenols, amines, amides, alcohols, ammonia, sulfide, heavy metals, and suspended solids. 

ENSR International Group soil cleaning process is an ex situ treatment for soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The process uses a combination of soil washing and solvent extraction. Soil washing removes heavy metals and hydrocarbons from coarse soil particles, resulting in a reduced volume of material to be treated by solvent extraction. Solvent extraction uses a chemical additive that enhances the extraction of hydrocarbons from soil particles in an aqueous slurry. 

According to the technology developer, the technology treats petroleum-contaminated soils, hazardous wastes, heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), semivolatUe organic compounds (SVOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides. 

SESR is applicable for soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (RGBs), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The technology has been demonstrated to fix heavy metals and remove hydrocarbon contaminants simultaneously. After treatment, soluble salts can be leached from the dried, agglomerated soil. 

The primary apphcation for this technology is the cleanup of heavily contaminated soils from abandoned herbicide and pesticide manufacturing sites and mixed petroleum wastes containing both hydrocarbon and heavy-metal contaminants. It also has potential as a remediation technique to restore fertility to agricultural soils suffering from overuse and salt buildup from irrigation. 

Martin M, Castle W. 1984. Petrowatch Petroleum hydrocarbons, synthetic organic compounds and heavy metals in mussels from the Monterey Bay area of central California. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 259-266. 

Various workers have assembled relatively complete assessments of the annual input of the major biological nutrients (C, N, P), certain heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu), and petroleum hydrocarbons to Narragansett Bay. Other studies have developed inventories of the amounts of these materials in the sediments of the Bay. We have brought these data together with information on sediment accumulation rates in the Bay to determine the degree to which this one estuary serves as a sink for different types of materials in their passage between land and the coastal ocean. 

In this paper we have brought together much of the information that is presently available on certain pollutants in Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, U.S.A.) in an attempt to develop annual mass balances for carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as well as some heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu) and petroleum hydrocarbons under conditions of recent input. We cannot pretend complete knowledge of the quantities or behavior of any of these substances in the Bay, but they have all been subjected to considerable study and it seemed that it would be interesting and instructive to compare the effectiveness of this one system as a trap for a variety of different materials. 

Fig. 7. Concentrations of nutrients, some heavy metals, and petroleum hydrocarbons at various depths in the sediments at Ohio Ledge in Upper Narragansett Bay. Nutrients and metals were analyzed from the same core by the authors, while hydrocarbons were measured on a separate core from a near-by site by Hurtt (1978). Geochronology of the core used for nutrients and metals is described in detail by Santschi et al. (198< ).

Estimates of recent inputs to Narragansett Bay (RI, USA), accumulation rates within the sediments of the Bay, and losses from the Bay to the atmosphere and offshore waters for major nutrients, various heavy metals, and total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Importance of benthic regeneration, release, or decomposition, respectively, of various nutrients, heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in Narragansett Bay. 

Relative efficiency (expressed as a % of the total terrestrial, anthropogenic, and atmospheric input) with which Narragansett Bay (RI, USA) removes and transmits various nutrients, heavy metals, and petroleum hydrocarbons. See Table 1 for data sources. 

In late 1989, Minnesota tested tires for leachate and found that leaching of heavy metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and total petroleum hydrocarbons from tire chips could not be completely ruled out (38). Now the preferred method is to use wood chips below the water table and tire chips above the wood chips. This is expected to extend the life of the fill over using just wood chips, since wood chips degrade in the unsaturated zone. 

Baseline Studies of Pollutants in the Marine Environment (Heavy Metals, Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Petroleum), background papers for a workshop sponsored by the N.S.F. OfiBce for the I.D.O.E., Brookhaven Natl. Lab., 24-26 May, p. 231, 1972. 

Activated charcoal and/or emesis may be indicated in some hydrocarbon ingestions in which absorption may produce systemic effects. Agents such as asphalt, tar, heavy lubricants, vaseline, and mineral oil are considered relatively nontoxic and do not require removal. Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents or any hydrocarbon or petroleum distillate with a potentially dangerous additive (camphor, pesticide, and heavy metals) in some cases may be treated with activated charcoal or emesis. Petroleum naphtha derivatives, gasoline, kerosene, and mineral seal oil (or signal oil) as found in furniture polish and oil polishes produce severe and often prolonged chemical pneumonitis. These compounds are poorly... 

The determination of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic carbon was introduced to the chemical monitoring programme of the IfM Warnemunde at selected stations in the 1980s. Since that time, investigations of harmful substances, such as heavy metals as well as chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbons, started with special experiments and monitoring cruises. The details are shown in the relevant chapters. 

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