Hydrocarbons petroleum refining

In the petroleum refining and natural gas treatment industries, mixtures of hydrocarbons are more often separated into their components or into narrower mixtures by chemical engineering operations that make use of phase equilibria between liquid and gas phases such as those mentioned below ... 

Edmister, W.C. and K.K. Okamoto (1959), Applied hydrocarbon thermodynamics. Part 12 equilibrium flash vaporization correlations for petroleum fractions . Petroleum Refiner, Vol. 38, No. 8, p. 117. 

Cracking (Section 2 16) A key step in petroleum refining in which high molecular weight hydrocarbons are converted to lower molecular weight ones by thermal or catalytic carbon-carbon bond cleavage... 

The principal direct appHcation of furfural is as a selective solvent. It is used for separating saturated from unsaturated compounds in petroleum refining, for the extractive distillation of butadiene and other hydrocarbons in the manufacture of synthetic mbber and for the production of... 

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

S. Weber and G. McClure, The Cosden/Malaprop Processfor Eight Hydrocarbon Desulfurization, Annual Meeting Paper AM-81-49, National Petroleum Refiners Association, Washington, D.C., 1981. 

Ethyleneamines are used in certain petroleum refining operations as well. Eor example, an EDA solution of sodium 2-aminoethoxide is used to extract thiols from straight-mn petroleum distillates (314) a combination of substituted phenol and AEP are used as an antioxidant to control fouling during processing of a hydrocarbon (315) AEP is used to separate alkenes from thermally cracked petroleum products (316) and TEPA is used to separate carbon disulfide from a pyrolysis fraction from ethylene production (317). EDA and DETA are used in the preparation and reprocessing of certain... 

For predicting liquid diffiisivities of binary nonpolar liquid systems at high solute dilution, Umesi " developed a method that only depends on the viscosity of the solvent (2) and the radius of gyration of the solvent (2) and the solute (1). The Technical Data Book— Petroleum Refining gives the method and values of the radii of gyration for common hydrocarbons. Errors average 16 percent but reach 30 percent at times. 

Fair, J. R., Design Steam Distillation Reboilers, Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refiner, February 1963. 

J. M. Campbell, F. E. Ashford, R. B. Needham, and L. S. Reid More Insight into Adsorption Design, Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refiner, 42(12) 89-96 (Dec. 1963). 

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Paraffin hydrocarbon gases comprising propane, butane, and pentanes derived from natural gas wells and from the petroleum refining process that remain as liquids when stored under pressure in tanks and bottles. 

Figure 13-23. Recommended pulse level for acceptable pipe vibration (assumes adequate pipe support and anchors). (Used by permission Everett, W. S. Hydrocarbon Procession and Petroleum Refiner, V. 43, No. 8, p. 117, 1964. Gulf Publishing Company. All rights reserved.)...

At present, most commercial hydrogen is obtained as a by-product of petroleum refining in a sequence of two catalyzed reactions. The first is a re-forming reaction, in which a hydrocarbon and steam are converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a nickel catalyst ... 

Petroleum refining Primary distillation process Sludges containing hydrocarbons... 

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