Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination

Bossert ID, GC Compeau (1995) Cleanup of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil. In Microbial transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals (Eds LY Young and CE Cerniglia), pp. 77-125. Wiley-Liss, New York. 

Maher [49] used fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in estuarine and ocean waters. 

Commonly used methods for the determination of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil are modifications of Environmental Protection Agency method 418.1, which use sonication or a Soxhlet apparatus for analyte extraction and either infrared spectrometry [5] or gas chromatography with flame ionization detection [6-7] for extract analysis. Regardless of the analytical method following the extraction, both modifications use Freon-113, which has been implicated as a cause of ozone depletion. Therefore, alternative methods are being sought for the determination of hydrocarbon contamination in environmental samples that reduce the need for this halogenated solvent. 

Norris, R. D. and Dowd, K. D., 1993, In-Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater in a Low-Permeability Aquifer In Bioremediation Field Experience (edited by R E. Flathman and D. E. Jerger), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Thus, if the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons concentrations is high, it usually signifies that significant amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons are there. However, if the concentration of the total petroleum hydrocarbons values is low or undetectable, it is not certain that a significant petroleum hydrocarbon contamination problem is not present, in fact, few other environmental monitoring parameters have been so widely and consistently misapplied and misinterpreted. 

Zheng J, Quinn JG. 1988. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of ground water in Tiverton, Rhode Island, USA. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 6(4) 367-375. 

The petroleum hydrocarbon contaminant is brought into direct contact with the specific microorganisms contained in BTS. These microscopic bacteria ingest the hydrocarbon molecules. For this entire process to begin, the contaminated soil and BTS product must be brought into direct contact. 

Bioslurping is a commercially available, in situ technology that combines vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery with bioventing of subsurface soils to simultaneously remediate petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater and soils. Vacuum-enhanced recovery utilizes negative pressure to create a partial vacuum that extracts free product and water from the subsurface. Bioventing is forced aeration to accelerate in situ bioremediation of hydrocarbons and non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). 

Among the advantages of the Earth Tech treatment system are its mobility and its suitability for on-site treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants. The technology was formerly commercially available, but Earth Tech no longer offers it for remediation purposes. 

Autry, A. R. Ellis, G. M. (1992). Bioremediation an effective remedial alternative for petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Environmental Progress, 11, 318-23-Block, R., Stroo, H. Swett, G. H. (1993). Bioremediation - why doesn t it work sometimes Chemical Engineering Progress, 89 (8), 44-50. 

Ellis, B. (1994). Reclaiming contaminated land in situ/ex situ remediation of creosote- and petroleum hydrocarbons-contaminated sites. In Bioremediation Field Experience, ed. P. Flathman et al., pp. 107-43. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

Guerin TF, Horner S, McGovern T, Davey B. An application of permeable reactive barrier technology to petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated ground-water. Water Res 2002 36 15-24. 

Jprgensen, K.S., Puustinen, J., and Suortti, A.-M. 2000. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by composting in biopiles. Environmental Pollution, 107 245-54. 

A comparison of the equilibrium (Eh) and kinetic (TEAPs) approaches to describe redox processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer was given by Chapelle et al. (1996). In this study. Eh measurements were made with a platinum electrode, and the results plotted on a standard Eh-pH diagram (SUlen, 1952). The results of this analysis are shown in Eigure 11. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that Fe(III) reduction is the predominant redox process, as none of the measured Eh values are sufficiently negative to indicate sulfate reduction... 

Vroblesky D. A. and ChapeUe F. H. (1994) Temporal and spatial changes of terminal electron-accepting processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer and the significance for contaminant biodegradation. Water Resour. Res. 30, 1561-1570. 

Chapelle E. H. (1999) Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater the perspectives of history and hydrology. Ground Water 31 ), 122-132. 

Chapelle E. H., Bradley P. M., and Lovely D. R. (2002) Rapid evolution of redox processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer. Ground Water 40(4) 353-360. 

Mancini S. A., Couloume G. L., Jonker H., van Breukelen B. M., Groen J., VoUcering F., and Lollar B. S. (2002) Hydrogen isotopic enrichment an indicator of biodegradation at a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated field site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36( 11), 2464—2470. 

Megharaj M, Singleton I, McClure NC, Naidu R. Influence of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination on microalgae and microbial activities in a long-term contaminated soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2000 38(4) 439-45. 

ATSDR has the responsibility for health assessment at National Priorities List (NPL) hazardous waste sites, many of which have petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Specific contaminants that are components of TPH, such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), n-hexane, jet fuels, fuel oils, and mineral-based crankcase oil, have been studied by ATSDR and a number of toxicological profiles have been developed on individual constituents and petroleum products. The... 

Figure 14 presents UV-visible spectra of the acetonitrile extracts of a petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated soil during a biological treatment on site (biopiles). The treatment time increases from sample 1 to sample 4 and, as far as the UV spectrum is less structured, the composting process is more advanced. In the same time, the pollution level decreases as the absorbance values all over the UV range, and particularly at 228 and 256 nm, decrease. 

Huntley SL, Bonnevie NL, Wenning RJ. 1995. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in sediment from the Newark Bay Estuary, New Jersey. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 28 93-107. 

Sixth, there appears to be no general correlation between the distribution and concentration of PAHs and the various aliphatic hydrocarbon ratios and parameters generally used to indicate petroleum contamination of samples. These ratios may be used in detecting relatively gross levels of petroleum contamination however, they are of little value in determining trace petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in sediment samples. 

Gordon, D.C. Jr., Keizer, P.D. and Dale, J., 1974. Estimates using fluorescence spectroscopy of the present state of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the water column of the northwest Atlantic ocean. Mar. Chem., 2 251—261. 

Amos RT, Mayer U, Belkins BA, Delhi GN, WUhams RC. (2005). Use of dissolved and vapor phase gases to investigate methanogenic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the subsurface. Wafer Resources Research 41(2) 1-15. 

Liang SH, Kao CM, Kuo YC, Chen KF, Yang BM (2011) In situ oxidation of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated grormdwater using passive ISCO system. Water Res 45 2496—2506... 

In this study, oil-contaminated soil in Tianjin and was used for domestication at different temperatures. Two different communities of bacteria depend on crude oil as sole carbon source were foimd and the main foundation of temperature on the microbial community screening was researched and revealed. The biodegradation characteristic was studied then. The effect of combined remediation by winter wheat and cold-adapted degrading bacterial was examined. In order to explore the effect of combined remediation by bacterial and plant at low temperature on petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated sod, the TPH removal and the catalase activity were examined at different incubation time in different treatments. 

Head IH, Swannell RPJ 0999) Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in marine habitats. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10 234-239... 

Juck D, Charles T, Whyte LG, Greer CW (2000) Polyphasic microbial community analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils from two northern Canadian communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 33 241-249... 

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