Petroleum hydrocarbons water

Falatko, D.M., and J.T. Novak. 1992. Effects of biologically produced surfactants on the mobility and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Water Environ. Res. 64(2) 163-169. 

All of the previously mentioned plants except those employing distillation of water were parasitic to a synthetic anunonia plant. Their deuterium-production rate is limited by the amount of deuterium in ammonia synthesis gas. To produce heavy water at a sufficient rate, a growing industry of heavy-water reactors requires a deuterium-containing feed available in even greater quantity than ammonia synthesis gas. Of the possible candidates, water, natural gas, and petroleum hydrocarbons, water is the only one for which an economic process has been devised, and the dual-temperature hydrogen sulfide-water exchange process is the most economic of the processes that have been developed. 

Detergents are made by, for example, treating petroleum hydrocarbons with sulphuric acid, yielding sulphonated products which are water soluble. These can also solubilise fats and oils since, like the stearate ion, they have an oil-miscible hydrocarbon chain and a water-soluble ionic end. The calcium salts of these substances, however, are soiu u-ic in water and, therefore, remove hardness without scum formation. 

Polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogens produced by the thermal breakdown of organic materials. These are widely distributed in both food and the environment, and are some of the principal carcinogens in cigarette tar and air pollution. Of over 20 PAHs isolated, benzopyrene and quinoline compounds are the most commonly encountered in foods, particularly those which are broiled or fried (111). Shellfish living in petroleum contaminated waters may also contain PAHs (112). 

In the lightening of petroleum hydrocarbon oil, esters of mercaptocarboxyhc acids can modify radical behavior during the distillation step (58). Thioesters of dialkanol and trialkanolamine have been found to be effective multihinctional antiwear additives for lubricants and fuels (59). Alkanolamine salts of dithiodipropionic acid [1119-62-6] are available as water-soluble extreme pressure additives in lubricants (60). 

M. W. Kemblowski and co-workers, "Fate and Transport of Residual Hydrocarbon in Ground Water A Case Study," Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, presented at the conference and exposition. National Water Well Association and American Petroleum Institute, Nov. 17—19, 1987. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Limited information about environmentally important physical and chemical properties is available for the mineral oil and water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluid products and components is presented in Tables 3-4, 3-5, and 3-7. Much of the available trade literature emphasizes properties desirable for the commercial end uses of the products as hydraulic fluids rather than the physical constants most useful in fate and transport analysis. Since the products are typically mixtures, the chief value of the trade literature is to identify specific chemical components, generally various petroleum hydrocarbons. Additional information on the properties of the various mineral oil formulations would make it easier to distinguish the toxicity and environmental effects and to trace the site contaminant s fate based on levels of distinguishing components. Improved information is especially needed on additives, some of which may be of more environmental and public health concern than the hydrocarbons that comprise the bulk of the mineral oil hydraulic fluids by weight. For the polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, basic physical and chemical properties related to assessing environmental fate and exposure risks are essentially unknown. Additional information for these types of hydraulic fluids is clearly needed. 

Price, L.C. (1973) The Solubility of Hydrocarbons and Petroleum in Water. Ph.D. Thesis., University of California, Riverside, CA. Price, L.C. (1976) Aqueous solubility of petroleum as applied to its origin and primary migration. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 60, 213-244. 

Rossi, S.S. (1977) Bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons from water, sediments and detritus to the marine annelid, neanthes arenaceodentata. Proc. Oil Spill Conf, pp. 621-625. Am. Petrol. Inst., Washington DC. 

The third, and largely unexpected, case appeared as a problem in the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater [24]. In this case, petroleum hydrocarbons, picked up presumably in the surface layers or surface film, were carried down by the sampling bottles and were measured as par t of the pollutant load of the deeper waters. While the possibility of absorption and subsequent release is obviously most acute with hydrophobic compounds and plastic samplers, it does raise a question as to whether any form of sampler which is open on its passage through the water column can be used for the collection of surface-active materials. The effects of such transfer of material maybe unimportant in the analysis of total organic carbon, but could be a major factor in the analysis of single compounds or classes of compounds. 

Maher [49] used fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in estuarine and ocean waters. 

Walker et al. [84] examined several methods and solvents for use in the extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from estuarine water and sediments, during an in situ study of petroleum degradation in sea water. The use of... 

Pentachlorophenol is readily soluble in most organic solvents, oils, and highly aromatic and olefinic petroleum hydrocarbons — a property that makes it compatible for inclusion in many pesticide formulations (Table 23.1 Figure 23.1). Purified PCP, however, is practically insoluble in water therefore, the readily water-soluble sodium pentachlorophen-ate salt is substituted in many industrial applications (Table 23.1) (Bevenue and Beckman 1967 USPHS 1994). 

Latimer JS, Hoffman EJ, Hoffman G, et al. 1990. Sources of petroleum hydrocarbons in urban runoff. Water Air and Soil Pollution 52 1-21. 

In the United States, contamination of water wells and streams by petroleum hydrocarbons extends back to the turn of the century. In Marion, Indiana, local streams and the single source of groundwater involving 200 to 300 surface and rock wells were found to be contaminated by adjacent petroleum production activities. 

As we increase our knowledge and hope to learn from our past errors, it becomes important that we as a professional group servicing society continue our efforts to (1) minimize and reduce the uncontrolled and accidental release of petroleum hydrocarbons and organics into the environment, (2) improve our understanding of the overall behavior of these compounds in the subsurface, and the health risks associated with their presence, and (3) continue to develop sound strategies for the recycling, remediation, and restoration of impacted soil, water, and air. 

California Department of Health Services, 1989, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Analysis — Gasoline and Diesel In California Water Resources Control Board Leaking Underground Fuel Tank (LUFT) Manual, Appendix C. 

Kaplan, I. R., 1992, Characterizing Petroleum Contaminants in Soil and Water and Determining Source of Pollutants In Proceedings of the American Petroleum Institute Conference on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection and Restoration, pp. 3-18. 

Nyer, E. K. and Skladany, G. J., 1989, Relating the Physical and Chemical Properties of Petroleum Hydrocarbons to Soil and Aquifer Remediation Ground Water Monitoring Review, Winter, pp. 54—60. 

Senn, R. B. and Johnson, M. S., 1985, Interpretation of Gas Chromatography Data as a Tool in Subsurface Hydrocarbon Investigations In Proceedings of the NWWA/API Conference on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater — Prevention, Detection and Restoration, National Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, pp. 331-357. 

Farmer, V. E., Jr., 1983, Behavior of Petroleum Contaminants in an Underground Environment In Proceedings of the Canadian Environment Seminar on Ground Water and Petroleum Hydrocarbons, June 26-28, Toronto, Ontario. 

Huyakorn, P. S., Wu, Y. S., and Panday, S., 1992, A Comprehensive Three-Dimensional Numerical Model for Predicting the Transport and Fate of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface In Proceedings of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater Conference, Water Well Journal Publishing Company, Dublin, OH, pp. 239-253. 

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