Petroleum hydrocarbons residues

Belisle AA, Gay ML, Coon NC. 1981. Comparison of 2 extraction methods for the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mallard duck eggs by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 10(11 -12) 1197-1204. 

M. W. Kemblowski and co-workers, "Fate and Transport of Residual Hydrocarbon in Ground Water A Case Study," Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, presented at the conference and exposition. National Water Well Association and American Petroleum Institute, Nov. 17—19, 1987. 

In summary, when undertaking a project such as the recovery of LNAPL, treatment of the coproduced water, prior to reinjection, may not be beneficial or technically necessary. A large percentage of the spilled or leaked petroleum hydrocarbon (40 to 60%) will be retained in the unsaturated zone as residual saturation. This residual hydrocarbon cannot be recovered by conventional withdrawal techniques. Without removing this continual source of contamination to the groundwater system, dissolved contamination will continue. Therefore, in most cases, it may be pointless and extremely costly to treat the coproduced groundwater prior to reinjection while the free- and residual-phase hydrocarbon contamination exists. 

Borden, R. C. and Chih-Ming, K., 1989, Water Flushing of Trapped Residual Hydrocarbons Mathematical Model Development and Laboratory Validation In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association Conferences on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater Prevention, Detection and Restoration, November, pp. 473 186. 

The presence of a residual hydrocarbon phase in soils or sediments has been shown to increase the soil- or sediment-water distribution coefficients of poorly water-soluble organic contaminants [463,464]. Such petroleum-hydrocarbon-based phases have been shown to function as effective partition media for PCB congeners [467]. In general, sorption of contaminants by soils and sediments reduces their bio availability to microorganisms [468,469]. In this fashion, the... 

Another complication with total petroleum hydrocarbons values is that petroleum-derived inputs vary considerably in composition it is essential to bear this in mind when quantifying them in general terms such as an oil or the total petroleum hydrocarbons measurement. Petroleum is complex, containing many thousands of compounds, ranging from gases to residues boiling at about 400°C. 

The character of fuel oil generally renders the usual test methods for total petroleum hydrocarbons (Chapters 7 and 8) ineffective since high proportions of the fuel oil (specifically, residual fuel oil) are insoluble in the usual solvents employed for the test. In particular, the asphaltene constituents are insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents and are only soluble in aromatic solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, methylene dichloride, and the like). Residua and asphalt (Chapter 10) have high proportions of asphaltene constituents, which render any test for total petroleum hydrocarbons meaningless unless a suitable solvent is employed in the test method. 

Physical Form. Brownish-black viscous liquid or solid composed essentially of hydrocarbons residue from the evaporation of the lighter hydrocarbons from petroleum... 

The SBP slurry-phase bioremediation system can treat a wide range of organic contamination, especially wood-preserving wastes and solvents. A modified version can also treat polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as creosote and coal tar pentachlorophenol (PCP) total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and chlorinated aliphatics, such as trichloroethene (TCE). The technology can be combined with SBP s membrane filtration system to form a soil cleaning system to handle residuals and contaminated liquids. 

Coking—Distillation to dryness of a product containing complex hydrocarbons, which break down in structure during distillation, such as tar or crude petroleum. The residue is called coke. 

The vadose zone soils at the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department (NMSHTD) District 2 Maintenance Patrol Yard in Artesia, New Mexico (Artesia Yard) consist primarily of massive to poorly stratified silty clay, clay, or clayey silt. Soils of such low permeability (<10 10 square centimeters) are generally not amenable to the use of SVE (U.S. EPA 1995). However, as this case history shows, operation of a high-vacuum SVE system, with periodic monitoring and adjustment, can be very successful in removing sizeable secondary sources of petroleum hydrocarbons (both PSH and residual soil contamination) from the subsurface. 

Impurities. Water content (93) of virgin olive oil should not exceed 0.2% (m/m) for refined oil and mixtures (olive oil, olive-pomace and olive oil), the maximum value is 0.1% for lampant olive oil, 0.3% for crude olive-pomace oil, 1.5% (12). Allowable hydrocarbon (hexane, petroleum ether) residues (94) are as follows (% m/m) ... 

Wilson, J. L. and Conrad, S. H. (1984). Is Physical Displacement of Residual Hydrocarbons a Realistic Possibility in Aquifer Restoration Proceedings of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, pp. 274—298. Houston, TX. 

The simplest and most common form of analysis is to measure how much oil is in a water, soil, or sediment sample. Such analysis results in a value known as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The TPH measurement can be obtained in many ways, including extracting the soil, or evaporating a solvent such as hexane and measuring the weight of the residue that is presumed to be oil. 

Classification Petroleum hydrocarbons Definition Semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from dewaxing residual oil consists predominantly of sat. crystalline and liq. hydrocarbons with > C25 Properties YIsh. to It. amber or wh. semisolid, unctuous mass pract. odorless and tasteless sol. in benzene, chloroform, ether, petrol, ether, oils pract. insol. in water insol. in alcohol dens. 0.820-0.865 (60/25 C) m.p. 38-54 C soften, pt. 65-70 C ref. index 1.460-1.474 (60 C)... 

The coke drums are typically installed in pairs for each fired heater. When the on-line coke drum is full of a high-density hydrocarbon residue known as petroleum coke, the heated feed is switched to an empty drum. After being filled, the full coke drum is isolated from the process flow and goes through a sequence of steps to remove the coke and prepare the drum for the next cycle, which can be from as little as 10 hours to more than 24 hours. Therefore, DCU is a semi-batch operation, in which the batch stage is represented by the filling and decoking steps sequence of the drums. Table 1 presents the sequence of typical steps and the associated duration of a 20 hours cycle DCU. 

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