Petroleum specification

International patent documents, 18 198 International Patent Classification (IPC) system, 18 208—210 International petroleum specifications, 18 642... 

In recent several years, many EPA and ASTM methods have been modified (such as the modified EPA method 8015, 8260 and 8270 and the modified ASTM methods 3328-90, 5037-90 and 5739-95) to improve specificity and sensitivity for measuring spilled oil and petroleum products in soils and waters by environmental chemists. For example, EPA Method 8270 has been modified to increase analytical sensitivity and to expand the analyte list to include petroleum specific compounds such as the alkylated PAHs, sulfur, and nitrogen containing PAHs, and biomarker triterpane and sterane compounds. The principal modification to EPA Method 8270 is the use of the high resolution GC-MS selected ion mode (SIM) analysis that olfers increased sensitivity relative to the full scan mode. Many environmental laboratories have used the modified EPA Method 8270, combined with column cleanup and rigorous QA measures, to identify and quantify low levels of hydrocarbons. 

Group the component in a petroleum fraction, which is possible if the normal boiling temperature and the standard specific gravity are known. This method gives correct results when the chemical structure is simple as in the case of a paraffin or naphthene. 

It is common that a mixture of hydrocarbons whose boiling points are far enough apart petroleum cut) is characterized by a distillation curve and an average standard specific gravity. It is then necessary to calculate the standard specific gravity of each fraction composing the cut by using the relation below [4.8] ... 

Using the principle of corresponding states requires knowledge of pseudo-critical constants of petroleum fractions these should be estimated starting from characteristic properties which are the normal boiling temperature and the standard specific gravity. 

For petroleum fractions, the values should be calculated starting with the standard specific gravity accor( ing to the relation ... 

The isobaric specific heat for a petroleum fraction is estimated by a correlation attributed to Watson and Nelson in 1933, which was used again by. Johnson and Grayson in 1961 as well as by Lee and Kesler in 1975. This relation is valid at low pressures i... 

Maxwell and Bonnel (1955) proposed a method to calculate the vapor pressure of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum fractions whose normal boiling point and specific gravity are known. It is iterative if the boiling point is greater than 366.5 K ... 

Coefficients for converting an ASTM D 86 curve to an atmospheric flash curve[ and an application for a petroleum cut whose standard specific gravity isl 0.746. ... 

The stocks used for jet fuel production come almost essentially from direct distillation of crude oil. They correspond to the fraction distilled between 145 and 240°C, more or less expanded or contracted according to the circumstances. The yield of such a cut depends largely on the nature of the crude but is always larger than the demand for jet fuel which reaches about 6% of the petroleum market in Europe. For the refiner, the tightest specifications are ... 

This category comprises conventional LPG (commercial propane and butane), home-heating oil and heavy fuels. All these materials are used to produce thermal energy in equipment whose size varies widely from small heaters or gas stoves to refinery furnaces. Without describing the requirements in detail for each combustion system, we will give the main specifications for each of the different petroleum fuels. 

The flash point of a petroleum liquid is the temperature to which it must be brought so that the vapor evolved burns spontaneously in the presence of a flame. For diesel fuel, the test is conducted according to a closed cup technique (NF T 60-103). The French specifications stipulate that the flash point should be between 55°C and 120°C. That constitutes a safety criterion during storage and distribution operations. Moreover, from an official viewpoint, petroleum products are classified in several groups according to their flash points which should never be exceeded. 

They are classified apart in this text because their use differs from that of petroleum solvents they are used as raw materials for petrochemicals, particularly as feeds to steam crackers. Naphthas are thus industrial intermediates and not consumer products. Consequently, naphthas are not subject to governmental specifications, but only to commercial specifications that are re-negotiated for each contract. Nevertheless, naphthas are in a relatively homogeneous class and represent a large enough tonnage so that the best known properties to be highlighted here. 

Specifications represent, as indicated in dictionaries, the definition of the characteristics that a construction, a material, a product, etc., must have. The specifications for industrial products, such as petroleum products, are thus lists of terms and conditions that the products must meet. There are many types of specifications for petroleum products ... 

For each category of petroleum products, either governmental or customs specifications or standards for characteristics generally exist, but sometimes there may be nothing but those conditions usually required in commercial contracts. 

Nevertheless, we are witnessing most recently an important development in petroleum product specifications regarding two main factors ... 

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