Food chain bioaccumulation

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. There are a few studies to determine residues of methyl parathion in organisms in the environment. These have consistently shown low methyl parathion residues, indicating that methyl parathion does not bioconcentrate to a significant extent in aquatic organisms, plants, or animals (Crossland and Bennett 1984 Sabharwal and Belsare 1986). The methyl parathion that does get into organisms is rapidly degraded (Sabharwal and Belsare 1986). Some recent analyses of fish in a... 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Endosulfan is bioconcentrated by aquatic organisms (Ernst 1977 Novak and Ahmad 1989 NRCC 1975 Roberts 1972 Schimmel et al. 1977) but not by plants or animals (ERA 1982a). The compound is metabolized by terrestrial (Coleman and Dolinger 1982 El Beit et al. 1981c Martens 1977 NRCC 1975) and aquatic organisms (Cotham and Bidleman 1989), and it does not biomagnify to any great extent in terrestrial or aquatic food chains (HSDB 1999). No additional information on the bioaccumulation of endosulfan is needed at this time. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Information is available regarding bioaccumulation potential in aquatic food chains. Studies show that trichloroethylene has a low-to-moderate bioconcentration potential in aquatic organisms (Pearson and McConnell 1975) and some plants (Schroll et al. 1994). Information is needed, however, regarding bioaccumulation potential in terrestrial food chains. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Information about americium the levels of americium in aquatic and terrestrial organisms and its bioaccumulation in these organisms is available (Fresquez et al. 1999 DOE 1996 Suchanek et al. 1996). Data are also available on the uptake of americium in plants (Bennett 1979 Cataldo et al. 1980 EPA 1979 Romney et al. 1981 Schreckhise and Cline 1980 Schulz et al. 1976 Zach 1985) and levels in food (Bennett 1979 Cunningham et al. 1989, 1994 Robison et al. 1997a, 1997b). These data indicate that americium does not biomagnify in the food chain (Bennett 1979 Bulman 1978). 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Bioconcentration of diisopropyl methylphosphonate occurs primarily in the leaves of plants (O Donovan and Woodward 1977a, 1977b). However, DIMP also bioconcentrates in the edible root portions of radishes and carrots, and in the fruit of tomato plants at lower levels. Exposure may occur through the ingestion of fruits and vegetables that have been irrigated with DIMP contaminated water. Additional studies are needed to assess the potential for bioconcentration in plants. While it is possible that diisopropyl methylphosphonate may enter the food chain via animal feed, DIMP is rapidly changed to IMPA by animals that eat it. Therefore, it is unlikely that DIMP will be bioaccumulated in animals and be present further up the food chain. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. While very little information dealing explicitly with the food chain bioaccumulation of this category of hydraulic fluids is available, the principle petroleum hydrocarbon constituents do not appear to have a significant tendency for... 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. Very little information on the food chain bioaccumulation of organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids is available. It is known that some organisms bioconcentrate components of organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids (values are 133-2,807 for rainbow trout and 596-928 for fathead minnows) (Lombardo and Egry 1979 Mayer et al. 1981 Muir et al. 1983a Veith et al. 1979). Given the concerns over the toxicity of this class of hydraulic fluids, further research on this topic would be useful. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Sufficient information is available to demonstrate that hydrogen sulfide is not likely to bioaccumulate or biomagnify in the food chain. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Lead is bioaccumulated by terrestrial and aquatic plants and animals (Eisler 1988). However, lead is not biomagnified in terrestrial or aquatic food chains (Eisler 1988). No additional information is needed. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. There are no data on the bioaccumulation of acrylonitrile in the food chain. The lack of data may not be a major limitation, because limited data suggest that acrylonitrile has a relatively low tendency to be bioconcentrated by lower trophic levels. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Hexachloroethane in water may bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms to a moderate degree (Howard 1989), with a BCF of 139 reported in bluegills (EPA 1980a). Due to its rapid metabolism (Howard 1989) and the low incidence of hexachloroethane in ambient waters (Staples et al. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Simple cyanide compounds do not bioconcentrate in fish (ASTER 1994 Callahan et al. 1979 EPA 1985a). It would be useful to determine the bioconcentration potential for cyanide in fish from water dosed with less toxic and water-soluble cyanide complexes. There is no indication of biomagnification of cyanides in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Because of the high toxicity of cyanides at high doses and rapid metabolism at low doses, biomagnification of cyanide in animals seems unlikely. 

No information could be found in the available literature on the potential of thiocyanates for bioconcentration and food chain bioaccumulation. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Disulfoton bioconcentrates to a moderate extent in fish (Takase and Oyama 1985 Tomizawa 1980) however, measured bioconcentration factor (BCF) values are not... 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. No studies were located regarding the food chain bioaccumulation of phenol from environmental media. Data from monitoring studies indicate that phenol is present in the environment as well as in environmental organisms (Nicola et al. 1987). The available bioaccumulation studies are concerned only with exposure of fish to aqueous concentrations of phenol. Although the results of these studies indicate a low potential for bioaccumulation (see Section 5.3.1), the detection of phenol in fish (see Section 5.4.4) indicates that phenol can be found in aquatic organisms it is possible... 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. 1,2-Dibromoethane is not expected to bioconcentrate in plants, aquatic organisms, or animals, or biomagnify in terrestrial or aquatic food chains as a result of its high water solubility (NIOSH 1978 Parrish 1983). Additional information is needed on bioconcentration and biomagnification of the compound to confirm this predicted environmental behavior. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Data are available that indicate that chloroform does not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (Barrows et al. 1980 Veith et al. 1980) however, data are lacking for plants and other animals (e.g., vacuolar plants, shellfish, or macroinvertebrates) as well as for the biomagnification potential of chloroform in terrestrial and aquatic food chains. Additional information on bioconcentration and biomagnification could be useful in establishing the significance of food chain bioaccumulation as a route of human exposure. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine reacts rapidly in water to form azobenzene and other oxidation products (half-life in wastewater is 60 minutes). Because of this and based upon the log octanol/water partition coefficient, no bioaccumulation is expected in any aquatic organism. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. 3,3 -Dichlorobenzidine is bioconcentrated by aquatic organisms imder experimental eonditions. Whole-fish BCFs of around 500, with equilibration occurring in 96-168 hours, have been published (Appleton and Sikka 1980). In view of the -octanol/water partition coeffieient for... 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Bioconcentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been documented for several aquatic species (ASTER 1995 Chiou 1985 Oliver and Nicol 1982a Oliver and Niimi 1983). Based on the relatively high it appears that bioaccumulation does occur (Leo et al. 1971). Oliver and Nicol (1982a) measured concentrations of chlorobenzenes in sediments, water, and selected fish from the... 

Dichlorobenzene has also been shown to be accumulated by terrestrial plants (Wang et al. 1996). No data were located on biomagnification of 1,4-dichlorobenzene through terrestrial or aquatic food chains. Additional information on bioconcentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by commercially important fish, shellfish, and plant species and biomagnification would be helpful in evaluating the potential importance of food chain bioaccumulation to human exposure. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Based on low log K°w values, both compounds have a low potential for bioaccumulation (Deneer et al. 1987). Based on a low experimental BCF for 1,3- DNB, bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is not an important fate process (Deneer et al. 1987). No BCF data were located for 1,3,5-TNB. Data indicate that 1,3-DNB bioaccumulates in plants (McFarlane et al. 1987a). No studies were located regarding plant uptake of 1,3,5-TNB. Data are needed regarding the bioconcentration and biomagnification potential of both compounds in terrestrial food chains. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Bioconcentration factors have been determined for algae, shellfish, and fish and exhibit a wide range (29-17,000) (ERA 1976 Oliver and Niimi 1983 Pearson and McConnell 1975). This wide range may be explained in part by species differences in metabolism or differences in concentrations tested. Studies also indicate that hexachlorobutadiene preferentially accumulates in the livers of fish. Further studies which might explain the wide range of BCF values would be helpful. No information was located regarding the bioaccumulation of hexachlorobutadiene in plants or aquatic organisms. More information is needed to determine the importance of terrestrial/aquatic food chain bioaccumulation as a potential human exposure pathway. 

General facts bacteria convert inorganic mercury to methyl mercury, then it enters the food chain (bioaccumulation)... 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Information about bioaccumulation in fish and food exists, as does information on the levels of thorium in various foods. Existing data in the literature indicate that thorium does not biomagnify in predators due to consumption of contaminated prey organisms. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Chlorine dioxide and chlorite (ions and salts) are strong oxidizers and will not bioaccumulate. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Limited data indicate that carbon tetrachloride has a low tendency to bioconcentrate in the food chain, even though it is a lipophilic compound (Neeley et al. 1974 Pearson and McConnell 1975). The lack of bioconcentration is mainly due to the volatility of carbon tetrachloride, which facilities clearance from exposed organisms. Nevertheless, carbon tetrachloride does tend to become concentrated in fatty tissues, and further studies on the levels of carbon tetrachloride in the fat of fish would help evaluate the risk of carbon tetrachloride exposure by this pathway. No data are available on the bioconcentration in plants. Additional studies would be useful in assessing potential for human exposure from ingestion of plant foodstuff. Data are also needed on the biomagnification of the compound in the aquatic and terrestrial food chain. These data would be useful in assessing food chain bioaccumulation as a potential human exposure pathway. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Because of the rapid hydrolysis of HDI in water and the ease with which this substance is metabolized in higher trophic animals (see Section 2.3), it is not expected that this substance will bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms, or bioaccumulate in the food chain. Neither TDI and MDl, nor their diamine hydrolysis products, TDA and MDA, have been found to bioaccumulate in fish (Cyprinus carpio) in river model studies (International Isocyanate Institute 1990). No information on BCFs and food chain bioaccmnulation could be foimd for HDI in the available literature however, a BCF of approximately 100 was calculated using the method of Veith et al. (1979), which indicates a very low bioaccumulation potential for HDI. Further studies on the bioaccumulation of HDI do not appear to be warranted. 

Metals, nonmetals, and acids/bases released by human activities severely deteriorate water quality, since they are toxic even at concentrations of parts per million. It has to be noted that heavy metals are extremely dangerous to human health and aquatic life. But what is worse is that there is nocycle of natural treatment of these substances. Inevitably, heavy metals remain intact in the environment and finally, they are accumulated in the food chain (bioaccumulation). 

Thus, structure-activity relationships developed to estimate levels in biological media based on the partitioning properties of a chemical may not provide accurate information for isophorone. Furthermore, only one bioaccumulation study was available. In this study, which indicated a low potential for bioaccumulation, fish were exposed to isophorone in water rather than in food. From these data, it appears that food chain bioaccumulation may be occurring, and a clearer understanding of the potential for this would aid in determining how levels in the environment affect the food chain and potentially impact on human exposure levels. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Diazinon has an estimated low bioconcentration potential (BCF=77) (Kenaga 1980) in aquatic organisms, which is generally confirmed by measured BCF values obtained from laboratory studies with fish and other aquatic invertebrates (El Arab et al. 1990 Keizer et al. 1991 Sancho et al. 1993 Tsuda et al. 1989, 1995). Further information on measured BCF values for additional edible fish and shellfish would be helpful, as would information on tissue residues of diazinon and its major degradation products in edible species. No information was found on studies associated with plant uptake, but diazinon is rarely detected above EPA tolerance limits (Hundley et al. 1988). Bioaccumulation in aquatic food chains does not appear to be important, and no further information on biomagnification is required. 

Kelly B.C. and Gobas, F.A.P.C. (2003) An Arctic terrestrial food chain bioaccumulation model for persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol, 37, 2966-2974. 

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