Petroleum hydrocarbons sulfur

The presence (and concentration, if known) of corrosive materials, other than the typical concentrations of sulfur compounds in petroleum hydrocarbon streams. 

Vollmar, Petterson, and Petruzzelli27 in 1949 disclosed that the following commercial applications of comparative absorptiometry were being made in the petroleum industry sulfur in hydrocarbon mixtures, tetraethyllead fluid in gasoline, additives (such as metal soaps) in lubricating oils, and the metal content of metallo-organic derivatives. Complete documentation of subsequent developments in the petroleum industry is out of place here but it is easy to cite proof that comparative absorptiometry has been successful in that industry.27 32... 

ZoBell, C. E. Process for removing sulfur from petroleum hydrocarbons and apparatus. Patent No. US2641564. 

Petroleum is typically described in terms of its physical properties (such as density and pour point) and chemical composition (such as percent composition of various petroleum hydrocarbons, asphaltenes, and sulfur). Although very complex in makeup, crude can be broken down into four basic classes of petroleum hydrocarbons. Each class is distinguished on the basis of molecular composition. In addition, properties important for characterizing the behavior of petroleum and petroleum products when spilled into waterways or onto land and/or released into the air include flash point, density (read specific gravity and/or API gravity), viscosity, emulsion formation in waterways, and adhesion to soil. 

There are two noncolumn cleanup methods, one of which uses acid partition (EPA SW-846 3650) to separate the base/neutral and acid components by adjusting pH. This method is often used before alumina column cleanup to remove acid components. The other method (EPA SW-846 3660) is used for sulfur removal and uses copper, mercury, and tetrabutylammonium sulfite as desulfurization compounds. Sulfur is a common interfering compound for petroleum hydrocarbon analysis, particularly for sediments. Sulfur-containing compounds are very common in crude oil and heavy fuel oil. Elemental sulfur is often present in anaerobically biodegraded fuels. Thus, abnormally high levels of sulfur may be... 

Fuel oils are petroleum products that are used in many types of engines, lamps, heaters, furnaces, stoves, and as solvents. Fuel oils come from crude petroleum and are refined to meet specifications for each use. Fuel oils are mixtures of aliphatic (open chain and cyclic compounds that are similar to open chain compounds) and aromatic (benzene and compounds similar to benzene) petroleum hydrocarbons. In addition, they may contain small amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements as additives. The exact chemical composition (i.e., precise percentage of each constituent) of each of the fuel oils discussed in this profile may vary... 

Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry... 

Hydration of Olefins. The earliest and still the largest production of chemicals from petroleum hydrocarbons was based on the hydration of olefins to produce alcohols by the employment of sulfuric acid. The addition of olefins to sulfuric acid to form alkyl sulfates and dialkyl sulfates takes place on simple contact of the hydrocarbons with the acid. To keep down polymerization and isomerization of the hydrocarbons, the temperature is kept relatively low, usually below 40° C. and commonly considerably lower than that (18). The strength of the sulfuric acid used depends on the olefin to be absorbed. Absorption of ethylene requires an acid concentration higher than 90%, whereas propylene and butylenes are readily absorbed in 85% acid or less. The alkyl and dialkyl sulfate solutions, on dilution and heating, are hydrolyzed to the alcohols plus small amounts of by-product ethers. After distilling off the organic products, the dilute sulfuric acid is reconcentrated and re-used. 

A major limitation on the production of alcohols by olefin hydration is the fact that the products consist almost solely of secondary or tertiary alcohols (excepting, of course, ethyl alcohol). The normal or primary alcohols are made by other means (but also from petroleum hydrocarbons). It appears more difficult to prepare C5 and higher alcohols by the hydration of olefins since they are produced commercially by other means. One of the problems encountered (81) is excessive polymerization of the higher olefins when contacted with aqueous sulfuric acid. 

This paper presents a survey of our present knowledge of the composition of petroleum. Included in the presentation is a brief discussion of the nonhydrocarbon constituents of petroleum, covering sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metallic constituents, together with more detailed information regarding the hydrocarbon constituents which comprise the bulk of crude petroleum. In addition to a discussion of the hydrocarbon compounds and types of hydrocarbon compounds occurring in one representative petroleum, the problem is considered of how different crude petroleums differ in their composition with respect to the hydrocarbon components. 

Petroleum is also versatile. It contains all the commercially important hydrocarbons, such as those that make up gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, motor oil, heating oil, tar, and even natural gas. Using fractional distillation (Section 12.1), oil refineries can convert one type of petroleum hydrocarbon to another, thereby tailoring their output to fit consumer demand. Furthermore, petroleum contains much less sulfur than does coal and so produces less sulfur dioxide when burned. So, despite its vast coal reserves, the United States has a royal thirst for petroleum, the king of fossil fuels, consuming about 20 million barrels each day. This is about 11 liters per U.S. citizen per day. 

Ci uuc oil—complex, naturally occurring fluid mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, yellow to black in color, and also containing small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur derivatives and other impurities. Crude oil was formed by the action of bacteria, heat, and pressure on ancient plant and animal remains, and is usually found in layers of porous rock such as limestone or sandstone, capped by an impervious layer of shale or clay that traps the oil (see reservoir). Crude oil varies in appearance and hydrocarbon composition depending on the locality where it occurs, some crudes being predominately naphthenic, some paraffinic, and others asphaltic. Crude is refined to yield petroleum products. See distillation, hydrocarbon, sour crude, sweet crude, asphalt, naphthene, paraffin. 

These substances that are classified under the above definition of oil and grease belong to both the biological lipids and the petroleum hydrocarbons and include straight chain and branched hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and the esters of fatty acids. Certain organic dyes, sulfur compounds, and chlorophyll are also extracted, and contribute to the measurement. 

The azeotrope formation between sulfur compounds, thiols, alkane disulfides, and thiophenes, and petroleum hydrocarbons have been extensively studied by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. the results have been published in several papers (87, 88). Research workers of this company have also secured data on vapor-temperature relationships of sulfur compounds (110). 

MERCURIC NITRATE (10045-94-0) A powerful oxidizer. Violent reaction with reducing agents, combustibles, phosphinic acid, hypophosphoric acid, petroleum hydrocarbons. Forms heat- and/or shock-sensitive compounds with acetylene (forms mercury acetylide), ethanol (forms mercury fulminate), ferrocene, isobutene, phosphine, potassium cyanide, sulfur. Incompatible with strong acids, acetic anhydride, ammonia, ammonium hexacyanofer-rate(II), organic azides, citric acid, hydrazinium perchlorate, isopropyl chlorocarbonate, nitrosyl perchlorate, sodium thiosulfate, sulfamic acid, thiocyanates, hydrozoic acid, methyl isocyanoacetate, sodium peroxyborate, trinitrobenzoic acid, urea nitrate. Aqueous solution corrodes metals. 

Petroleum. Crude oil mineral oil rock oil coal oil seneca oil. Consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons from C2H6 and up—chiefly of the paraffins, cycloparaffins, or of cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with small amounts of benzene hydrocarbons, sulfur, and oxygenated compounds. Occurrence U.S., Mexico, Iran, Russia, Roumania, Poland, Dutch East Indies, etc. 

Disturbance of the natural surface microlayer by chronic or adventitious spills of petroleum has become an unfortunately common occurrence in the last 30 years. In areas with heavy ship traffic, as much as 85% of the surface organic matter may be petroleum hydrocarbons (Morris, 1974). Both crude and refined oils have been repeatedly spilled in large accidents. Crude petroleum is a bewilderingly complex mixture of hydrocarbons, phenols, carboxylic acids, nitrogen and sulfur heterocycles, and other constituents. During the refining process, some classes of compounds may be almost entirely removed, but others may be produced in addition, additives such as antioxidants may be introduced. 

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