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Inherent

Unfortunately, the ideal-gas assumption can sometimes lead to serious error. While errors in the Lewis rule are often less, that rule has inherent in it the problem of evaluating the fugacity of a fictitious substance since at least one of the condensable components cannot, in general, exist as pure vapor at the temperature and pressure of the mixture. [Pg.25]

There are two types of measurement errors, systematic and random. The former are due to an inherent bias in the measurement procedure, resulting in a consistent deviation of the experimental measurement from its true value. An experimenter s skill and experience provide the only means of consistently detecting and avoiding systematic errors. By contrast, random or statistical errors are assumed to result from a large number of small disturbances. Such errors tend to have simple distributions subject to statistical characterization. [Pg.96]

The elimination of mixing losses in a prefractionator arrangement means that it is inherently more efficient than an arrangement using simple columns. [Pg.151]

Early decisions made purely for process reasons often can lead to problems of safety and health (and environment) which require complex and often expensive solutions. It is far better to consider them early as the design progresses. Designs that avoid the need for hazardous materials, or use less of them, or use them at lower temperatures and pressures, or dilute them with inert materials will be inherently safe and will not require elaborate safety systems. ... [Pg.255]

The best way to deal with a hazard in a flowsheet is to remove it completely. The provision of safety systems to control the hazard is much less satisfactory. One of the principal approaches to making a process inherently safe is to limit the inventory of hazardous material, called intensification of hazardous material. The inventories we wish to avoid most of all are flashing flammable liquids or flashing toxic liquids. [Pg.262]

Distillation. There is a large inventory of boiling liquid, sometimes under pressure, in a distillation column, both in the base and held up in the column. If a sequence of columns is involved, then, as discussed in Chap. 5, the sequence can be chosen to minimize the inventory of hazardous material. If all materials are equally hazardous, then choosing the sequence that tends to minimize the flow rate of nonkey components also will tend to minimize the inventory. Use of the dividing-wall column shown in Fig. 5.17c will reduce considerably the inventory relative to two simple columns. Dividing-wall columns are inherently safer than conventional arrangements because they lower not only the inventory but also the number of items of equipment and hence lower the potential for leaks. [Pg.263]

Designs that avoid the need for hazeudous materials, or use less of them, or use them at lower temperatures and pressures, or dilute them with inert materials will be inherently safe and will not require... [Pg.270]

It is often possible to use the energy system inherent in the process to drive the separation system for us by improved heat recovery and in so doing carry out the separation at little or no increase in operating costs. [Pg.287]

Bettelheim draws on his experience in concentration camps to illuminate the dangers inherent in all mass societies in this profound and moving masterpiece. [Pg.447]

The diesel engine operates, inherently by its concept, at variable fuel-air ratio. One easily sees that it is not possible to attain the stoichiometric ratio because the fuel never diffuses in an ideal manner into the air for an average equivalence ratio of 1.00, the combustion chamber will contain zones that are too rich leading to incomplete combustion accompanied by smoke and soot formation. Finally, at full load, the overall equivalence ratio... [Pg.212]

Since faults are zones of inherent weakness they may be reactivated over geologic time. Usually, faulting occurs well after the sediments have been deposited. An exception to this is a growth feu/f (also termed a syn-sedimentary fault), shown in Figure 5.7. They are extensional structures and can frequently be observed on seismic sections through deltaic sequences. The fault plane is curved and in a three dimensional view has the shape of a spoon. This type of plane is called listric. Growth faults can be visualised as submarine landslides caused by rapid deposition of large quantities of water-saturated... [Pg.81]

If 10% is the cost of capital to the company, then the NPV (10) represents the real measure of the project value. That is, whatever positive NPV is achieved after discounting at the cost of capital, is the net value generated by the project. The 20% discount rate sensitivity is applied to include the risks inherent in the business, and would be a typical discount rate used for screening projects. Screening is discussed in more detail in Section 13.6. [Pg.322]

Inherent unsharpness U of the imaging system An edge of highly absorbent material that is mounted in the middle of the image converter, is used to define the course and width of the "blurred" edge. The unsharpness is defined between 10% and 90% of the amplitude of the output signal. [Pg.437]

Modulation Transfer Function MTF The course of the MTF is calculated from the established inherent unsharpness. [Pg.438]

The first step will establish certain minimum requirements for those parameters that are defined in part 1 inherent unsharpness, contrast sensitivity, distortion, and homogeneity. The result will be three different equipment classes SC1, SC2, SC3 (see table 1). [Pg.439]

Table 2 Inherent unsharpness ( Klasens ) for different energies... Table 2 Inherent unsharpness ( Klasens ) for different energies...
To describe the X-ray imaging system the projection of 3D object points onto the 2D image plane, and nonlinear distortions inherent in the image detector system have to, be modelled. A parametric camera model based on a simple pinhole model to describe the projection in combination with a polynomal model of the nonlinear distortions is used to describe the X-ray imaging system. The parameters of the model are estimated using a two step approach. First the distortion parameters for fixed source and detector positions are calculated without any knowledge of the projection parameters. In a second step, the projection parameters are calculated for each image taken with the same source and detector positions but with different sample positions. [Pg.485]

The imaging and radiographic properties basicaly depend not only on the properties of the IP alone but inherently depend on the design and properties of the image reading... [Pg.505]

For direct neutron imaging both IP-ND with inherently present neutron converter material (Gd oxide) or common IP in combination with Gd metal or vapour deposited... [Pg.507]

The inherent unsharpness of the IP-ND was measured by NR of sharp Gd edge object and using Klasens method. It was evaluated to be about 0.280mm, significantly greater than the pixel size (0.1mm). The corresponding value of the best vapour... [Pg.508]

Concerning the spatial resolution of NR images the present IP are not adequate to the best film based direct neutron imaging techniques. However, with time-and the development of new IP technology there are good possibilities to improve the inherent unsharpness of the IP systems to the level even better than with Gd/film combination ... [Pg.510]

The IP s were used in combination with appropriate Pb-filters (see 121). For wall thickness inspection we used standard medical IP s (AGFA MDIO), which exhibited an inherent unsharpness of ca. 310 pm. This should be compared with the inherent unsharpness of the film for an Ir-192 exposure which amounts 230 pm 111. For corrosion assessment we used IP prototypes with an inherent unsharpness < 230 pm. [Pg.517]


See other pages where Inherent is mentioned: [Pg.232]    [Pg.263]    [Pg.268]    [Pg.269]    [Pg.272]    [Pg.290]    [Pg.400]    [Pg.425]    [Pg.117]    [Pg.127]    [Pg.181]    [Pg.283]    [Pg.326]    [Pg.329]    [Pg.439]    [Pg.470]    [Pg.472]    [Pg.472]    [Pg.484]    [Pg.484]    [Pg.488]    [Pg.506]    [Pg.507]    [Pg.507]    [Pg.509]    [Pg.509]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.98 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.13 , Pg.14 , Pg.21 , Pg.25 , Pg.26 , Pg.27 , Pg.30 , Pg.55 , Pg.70 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.86 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.166 , Pg.167 ]




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A Methodology for Inherently Safer Production

Acid-base strength inherent

Adducts with an Inherently Chiral Addition Pattern

An Inherently Safer Process Checklist

Analysis on the Basis of Inherent Radioactivity

Anticipation, inherent

Antimicrobials inherent

Antistatic additives inherently conductive polymers

Asymmetry, inherent

Barriers, and Opportunities for the Adoption of Inherently Safer Technology

Base strength, inherent

Biodegradability inherent

Biodegradability, ready/inherent

Biomedical Applications of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs)

Bulk Materials that are Inherently Liquid Repellent

Bulk water inherent structures

Chemical diversity, inherent

Chemical inherent safety

Chemical inherently safer design

Chiral calixarenes inherent chirality

Climate inherent variability

Cluster Analysis Recognition of Inherent Data Structures

Conductivity, inherent

Conformational structure inherently chirality

Copolymers inherent viscosity

Defoaming by Inherent Liquid Spray

Determining Inherent Properties of Rust Layers by Mossbauer Spectrometry

Developing Tools to Apply Inherently Safer Technology

Diastereoselectivity inherent

Dimensionality, inherent difficulties

Dissymmetry inherent

Due to Inherently Safe Designs

Elements of an Inherently Safer Production Approach

Elimination principle inherent safety

Experiments on Inherent Biodegradability

Fillers inherent strength

Focus of the Different Inherent Safety Reviews

Fuzzy Restrictions and Inherent Uncertainties in Chirality Studies

Glass inherent structure

Glasses inherent instability

Hazard inherent safety process

High-temperature reactors inherent safety features

Inert metal complexes inherent lability

Inherency, evolutionary

Inherent Absorption

Inherent Effects

Inherent Factors

Inherent Modifications

Inherent Occupational Health in Process Design

Inherent Safety Review Training

Inherent Safety Reviews

Inherent Safety Tradeoffs

Inherent Toxicity Levels of Chemicals Hazardous to Health (OSHA)

Inherent Unsafety of Our Present Road Use System

Inherent advantages

Inherent atom electronegativity

Inherent broadening, deconvolution

Inherent characteristic

Inherent chirality

Inherent conducting polymers

Inherent contaminants

Inherent crack size

Inherent crystal structures

Inherent defects

Inherent diluent

Inherent dimensionality,

Inherent dispersion limit

Inherent dissymmetric

Inherent elasticity

Inherent elements

Inherent flame resistance

Inherent flaws

Inherent fluorescence lifetime

Inherent hazard

Inherent hydrophobicity

Inherent kinetics

Inherent line breadth

Inherent mineral matter

Inherent minerals

Inherent moisture

Inherent negative reactivity control

Inherent nonlinearities

Inherent occupational health

Inherent optical property

Inherent radioactivity

Inherent reactivity

Inherent reactivity feedback

Inherent resistance

Inherent safety

Inherent safety elimination/substitution

Inherent safety error tolerance

Inherent safety features

Inherent safety hazards

Inherent safety history

Inherent safety index method

Inherent safety intensification

Inherent safety measures

Inherent safety principles

Inherent safety prototype index

Inherent safety review methods

Inherent safety review methods training

Inherent safety review, chemical reactivity

Inherent safety review, chemical reactivity hazard management

Inherent safety simplicity

Inherent safety summary

Inherent safety, recommendations development

Inherent security

Inherent singlet lifetime

Inherent specific gravity

Inherent stability

Inherent strain

Inherent structure , cooperatively

Inherent structure property, potential energy

Inherent structure transition surface

Inherent structures

Inherent structures , glass transition

Inherent structures bond transition

Inherent structures calamitic liquid crystals

Inherent structures computer simulation

Inherent structures landscapes

Inherent throughput

Inherent toxicity

Inherent valve characteristic

Inherent viscosities during processing

Inherent viscosity

Inherent viscosity, aromatic

Inherent viscosity, definition

Inherently Safer Characteristics of HEX Reactors

Inherently Safer Design Strategies

Inherently Safer Process Design

Inherently Safer Technology into Process Safety Management

Inherently Safer Technology into the Education of Chemists and Chemical Engineers

Inherently Simple Design

Inherently alternative reaction routes

Inherently biodegradable

Inherently catalytic membranes

Inherently chiral

Inherently chiral between

Inherently chiral bridges

Inherently chiral calix arenes

Inherently chiral fullerenes

Inherently chiral fullerenes, structures

Inherently conducting polymer

Inherently conductive polymers

Inherently consequence reduction

Inherently design concept

Inherently design safety

Inherently dissipative polymers

Inherently dissymmetric

Inherently dissymmetric alkenes

Inherently dissymmetric chromophore

Inherently distributed system

Inherently energy limitation

Inherently hazard elimination

Inherently intensification

Inherently life cycle

Inherently likelihood reduction

Inherently low emission vehicles

Inherently procedures

Inherently safe chemicals

Inherently safe design

Inherently safe equipment

Inherently safe plants

Inherently safe processes

Inherently safe reactors

Inherently safe systems in the process industries

Inherently safer

Inherently safer approach

Inherently safer approach process controls

Inherently safer chemical processes

Inherently safer chemical processes approaches

Inherently safer chemical processes defined

Inherently safer chemical processes design strategies

Inherently safer chemical processes human factors

Inherently safer chemical processes life cycle stages

Inherently safer chemical processes transportation

Inherently safer design

Inherently safer design approaches

Inherently safer design limitation

Inherently safer design moderation

Inherently safer design substitution

Inherently safer plant

Inherently safer process

Inherently safer process checklist

Inherently strategies

Inherently substitution

Inherently waste-like

Intrinsic inherent

Lifetime inherent

Metrics inherent safety

Minimization principle inherent safety

Moderation principle inherent safety

Moisture determination inherent

Nuclear reactors inherently safe design

Personnel training inherent safety

Poly , inherent

Poly , inherent viscosities

Polymers with Inherent Antimicrobial Properties

Power reactor inherently safe module

Pressure Drop Inherent Limitations and Traps

Problems Inherent in Physico-chemical Studies of Polysaccharides

Problems Inherent to Water Contaminants

Process Inherent Ultimate Safety

Process Intensification and Inherently Safer Processes

Prototype index of inherent

Prototype index of inherent safety

Quantitative Measures of Inherent Safety

Radiocarbon dating errors inherent

Reactors inherent safety

Reduce risk by applying inherently safer principles

Reinforcement: inherent

Resolving Inherent Safety Issues

Safety advantages, inherent process

Safety inherent negative reactivity control

Scan inherent calibration

Security, managing inherent safety

Silicate inherent differences

Solubility complications inherent

Some Simple Rules for Inherent Safety

Stabilizer inherent chemical efficiency

Stage inherent

Strain energy, inherent

Strategy for Inherent Safety in Design and Operation

Substitution principle inherent safety

Sustainable Chemistry and Inherently Safer Design

Sustainable inherently safer processes

The Principles of Inherent Safety

The Role of Inherently Safer Design Concepts in Process Risk Management

Timing and Anticipation of Decisions to Adopt (or Develop) Inherent Safety

Valves, control inherent flow characteristic

Wastewater minimisation using inherent

Wastewater minimisation using inherent storage

When Do We Consider Inherently Safer Options

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