Inherent dispersion limit

In systems where with a > 0 there will always be some characteristic size below which the flow forces cannot reduce the dispersed phase the inherent dispersion limit. Regardless of whether the fluids are Newtonian or viscoelastic, the capillary number represents the competition of flow forces which tend to deform and break domains relative to forces which oppose deformation and breakup. This limit typically depends on the rheological characteristics of the components, such as the viscosity ratio and first normal stress differences. 

Microemulsion liquid extraction is often confused with microemulsion liquid membrane research. Microemulsion liquid extraction has been studied by many groups, for example, Bauer et al. [31], Tondre and Boumezioud [32], and Paatero et al. [33]. The basic idea relies on the formation of a microemulsion phase during a normal equilibrium extraction process. The feed phase is then incorporated as dispersed droplets within the newly formed microemulsion, resulting in extremely high interfacial areas per unit volume. Although similar to microemulsion liquid membranes in its use of the increased surface area, the microemulsion liquid extraction technique incorporates a forward extraction step only and is inherently equilibrium-limited. Thus, the ability of a microemulsion liquid membrane to simultaneously extract and strip a solute is its distinguishing feature in comparison with other, related separation techniques. 

Mass Resolution In TOF-MS, mass resolution is related to the temporal width of the isomass ions packet when that packet arrives at the detector (i.e., R = t/At). In the ion source, ions are accelerated out of the source region with inherent dispersion in time (instant of ion formation), space (location of ion at the time of acceleration), and velocity (owing to differences in the initial kinetic energy of ions). These are the three primary factors that limit the resolution in a TOP instrument [11, 13, 16]. The initial kinetic energy (KE) of ions (i.e., KE before acceleration) is given by KE = where no is the initial velocity, which will be in a random direction after acceleration, KE = gV + mvl. The temporal dispersion creates uncertainty in the ions arrival time at the detector. The contribution of this factor can be minimized by the use of a very short ionization pulse and/or a fast-rise ion-extraction pulse, and also by increasing the flight path. Multiturn and multipass research TOP mass spectrometers are available to... 

Polymerization, aqueous Vinyl polymerization with water as the medium and with the monomer present within its inherent solubility limit is a process generally called aqueous polymerization. It includes suspension polymerization in an aqueous medium. This procedure is of technical importance in preparing special plastics such as emulsifier-free latex in which the size distribution among the dispersed particles is fairly sharp. 

Global AMI.5 sun illumination of intensity 100 mW/cm ). The DOS (or defect) is found to be low with a dangling bond (DB) density, as measured by electron spin resonance (esr) of - 10 cm . The inherent disorder possessed by these materials manifests itself as band tails which emanate from the conduction and valence bands and are characterized by exponential tails with an energy of 25 and 45 meV, respectively the broader tail from the valence band provides for dispersive transport (shallow defect controlled) for holes with alow drift mobiUty of 10 cm /(s-V), whereas electrons exhibit nondispersive transport behavior with a higher mobiUty of - 1 cm /(s-V). Hence the material exhibits poor minority (hole) carrier transport with a diffusion length <0.5 //m, which puts a design limitation on electronic devices such as solar cells. 

In practice, the process regime will often be less transparent than suggested by Table 1.4. As an example, a process may neither be diffusion nor reaction-rate limited, rather some intermediate regime may prevail. In addition, solid heat transfer, entrance flow or axial dispersion effects, which were neglected in the present study, may be superposed. In the analysis presented here only the leading-order effects were taken into account. As a result, the dependence of the characteristic quantities listed in Table 1.5 on the channel diameter will be more complex. For a detailed study of such more complex scenarios, computational fluid dynamics, to be discussed in Section 2.3, offers powerful tools and methods. However, the present analysis serves the purpose to differentiate the potential inherent in decreasing the characteristic dimensions of process equipment and to identify some cornerstones to be considered when attempting process intensification via size reduction. 

The yield of disperse dyes on polyester is limited by their slow rate of diffusion into the fibre rather than by inherently low substantivity. If dyeing times are sufficiently long, saturation values on polyester approach those on cellulose acetate and often exceed those on nylon (Table 3.29 for structures of these dyes see Tables 3.14 and 3.18). 

The research on nanocarbons dispersed in polymer matrices in recent years has shown that this route is very efficient at small volume fractions above electrical percolation, where it can be the basis for new composite functionalities in terms of processing and properties. It is also clear that there is an inherent difficulty in dispersing these nanoscopic objects at high volume fractions, which therefore limits composite absolute properties to a very small fraction of those of the filler. Independent of their absolute properties, composites based on dispersed nanocarbons have served as a test ground to understand better the basic interaction between nanocarbons and polymer matrices, often setting the foundation to study more complex composite structures, such as those discussed in the following sections. 

Residual oil impact estimates by modeling provided a severe test of GRID s capacity since the CMB impact estimates were small (less than one-quarter yg/m ) and the physical basis of the model inherently limits it s ability to predict point source plume transport. Since Initial comparisons (Figure 5) showed GRID estimated impacts to be overpredicted at all sites relative to CMB estimates, further improvements to the data base were suggested. Overall, annual model verification results for all sources were relatively poor with the dispersion model predictions consistently underestimating both the CMB-derlved estimates and the measured TSP mass data. 

The substitution of more benign solvents in many formulations will have global ramifications. For example, water-reducible coatings are products where the solvent system used to disperse and suspend solids is primarily water. The remainder of the solvent system may contain liquids that are classified as flammable or combustible liquids. Inherent limitations in these systems relate to product viscosity, accuracy in predicting overall fire hazard, abihty to assess physical changes of state when a product is tested, and test method rehabihty and ease of use (Scheffey and Tabar, 1996). 

The theoretical inconsistencies inherent in the Poisson-Boltzmann equation were shown in Section 11.4 to vanish in the limit of very small potentials. It may also be shown that errors arising from this inconsistency will not be too serious under the conditions that prevail in many colloidal dispersions, even though the potential itself may no longer be small. Accordingly, we return to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation as it applies to a planar interface, Equation (29), to develop the Gouy-Chapman result without the limitations of the Debye-Hiickel approximation. 

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