Reasoning processes

Explanation mhsystenr. The explanation subsystem supplies information about the reasoning process, for example how the conclusion has been drawn and which facts were used to come to the conclusion,... 

As suggested at the beginning of tiiis subsection, we can by reversing the above reasoning process - partially infer the topological structure of the global state transition graph, Qc-... 

In an earlier section, we had alluded to the need to stop the reasoning process at some point. The operationality criterion is the formal statement of that need. In most problems we have some understanding of what properties are easy to determine. For example, a property such as the processing time of a batch is normally given to us and hence is determined by a simple database lookup. The optimal solution to a nonlinear program, on the other hand, is not a simple property, and hence we might look for a simpler explanation of why two solutions have equal objective function values. In the case of our branch-and-bound problem, the operationality criterion imposes two requirements ... 

In these frames all specific columns that are relevant for the reasoning process of the expert system can be described in a structured and comprehensive way. The frame-based and rule-based knowledge representation are both required to represent expertise in a natural way. Therefore, in most expert systems a combination of rule-based and frame-based knowledge representation is used. The rule base together with the factual and descriptive knowledge by means, of e.g., frames constitute the knowledge base of the expert system. 

The testing phase is important in expert system development. The practical applicability of the expert system will largely depend on this phase. Testing expert systems is different from normal software engineering in a number of ways. First, it is difficult to test exhaustively the full code and all possible paths the reasoning process may follow. Secondly, the nature of expert systems poses some typical problems. Due to their heuristic nature the correctness of the results cannot be easily verified. A certain degree of errors may be acceptable and, moreover, an... 

For this reason, process-based whole-farm simulators have been developed. The simulators comprise modules containing semiempirical equations and mechanistic models that account for soil type, crops grovm, climate, herd size, manure handling, and other factors for a variety of farms as well as modules that calculate GHG emissions, other types of... 

The Process. A reasonable process to make this product would be to mix a straight dough with 10% sugar, 1% salt, and 4% margarine (or butter) with 9% yeast. All of these percentages are based on the weight of the flour. A sponge batter method could also be used. 

An important feature of expert systems is the accessibility to the user of the knowledge base and the reasoning process. Both the terminology used by the program and its interpretation of data have chemical significance. Each conclusion reached by the program can be traced by the user to the original data. When alternative explanations for an observation are possible, the choice is visible to the... 

The program knows the chemical relationships between functional groups, and can use this knowledge in its reasoning process. 

The reasoning process is accessible to the user, so that each conclusion can be traced back to the original data responsible for it. Choices made by the program can be isolated and overridden by a knowledgeable user. 

This section works through two problems from the text to indicate a reasonable process for obtaining the stmcture of the unknown compound from the spectra provided. It should be emphasised that the logic used here is by no means the only way to arrive at the correct solution but it does provide a systematic approach to obtaining stmctures by assembling structural fragments identified by each type of spectroscopy. 

The direct catalytic conversion of methane has been actively pursued for many years. Much of the emphasis has been on the direct production of methanol via selective partial oxidation (8), coupling of methane to ethylene (9), or methane aromatization (10). At this time none of these technologies has been demonstrated commercially due to low yields of desired products due to combustion by-products or low equilibrium conversion at reasonable process temperatures and pressures. The potential benefits of a hypothetical process for the direct partial oxidation of methane to methanol (11) are presented as an example. 

The success of the energy transfer theory in correlating data for a number of systems with sensitizers of widely varying structure, particularly aromatic hydrocarbons for which bond formation between donor and acceptor does not appear to be a reasonable process, led to its acceptance as the general mechanism for photosensitized olefin isomerization. However, there are special cases in which another mechanism of sensitization is operative. 

The latter property is somewhat of a mixed blessing, however. Poly(imides) are only soluble, for the most part, in extreme solvents such as concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming nitric acid and m-cresol. This lack of solubility in common solvents and their high melt temperatures render poly(imides) virtually intractable. For this reason, processing of the poly(imides) directly is often avoided by utilizing the polyfamic acid) precursor (Scheme 54). The more processable poly(amic acid) can be cast from solution, for example, and the poly(imide) may be generated in the desired configuration by thermolysis at 300 °C. 

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