Project screening

If 10% is the cost of capital to the company, then the NPV (10) represents the real measure of the project value. That is, whatever positive NPV is achieved after discounting at the cost of capital, is the net value generated by the project. The 20% discount rate sensitivity is applied to include the risks inherent in the business, and would be a typical discount rate used for screening projects. Screening is discussed in more detail in Section 13.6. 

Project screening means checking that the predicted economic performance of a project passes a prescribed threshold or hurdle . Investors commonly apply a screening value to the project, which is a chosen IRR at a chosen oil price (for example, 20% IRR at 20/bbl). Provided the project IRR exceeds the hurdle rate the project is considered further, otherwise it is rejected in current form. 

One of the most important activities within a company is project screening. One losing venture can negate the gain of several winners. Therefore, the project evaluators must be careful to obtain the best and most complete information possible so that the economics will accurately model the iiiture real world situation. Possible... 

Cawood where the series is much closer. He also described a graticule, having nine circles in a V2 progression of sizes, for use with the projection microscope [71]. This was incorporated in a projection screen instead of being in the eyepiece and was adopted by the British Standards Organization [11]. 

SWIFT-WFD project. Screening methods for water data information in support of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. 6th Framework Programme, contract SSPI-CT-2003-502492 (2003-2006). 

Payback period is widely used when long-term cash flows are difficult to forecast, because no information is required beyond the break-even point. It may be used for preliminary evaluation or as a project screening device for high risk projects in times of uncertainty. Payback period is usually measured as the time from the start of production to recovery of the capital investment. The payback period is the time taken for the cumulative net cash flow from start-up of the plant to equal the depreciable fixed capital investment (Cp - S). It is the value of t that satisfies the equation... 

With the advent of rare earth phosphors, an entirely different approach to a large screen TV became possible. Instead of generating all three color screens in the same CRT, three separate tubes were used and their images were combined on a projection screen so that a much larger picture could be viewed. This is shown as 7.1.5., presented as follows ... 

Since we are dealing with a vacuum tube, the upper limit of the screen which can be reached by present-day technology is about 73 cm. Piaures with a 2 m diameter can be obtained in projection television (PTV). For each of the three colors a small (monochrome) cathode-ray tube is used. Their images are optically projected and superimposed on a projection screen using a lens system. In such a way a composite picture in full color is shown on the screen (Fig. 7.3). In order to obtain high illumination levels on the large screen, much higher current densities have to be used in PTV than in direct-view cathode-ray tubes. 

Projection of a reflective LV is more difficult than the corresponding transmissive one. The two demonstration units which are described in following section both employ a reflex system in which the cell is illuminated through the lens as in Fig. 8. The lens is used in a telecentric manner and the aperture must be larger than the diameter of the cell. As the size of the cell is increased it becomes increasingly difficult to find a lens (for laboratory use) which will do the job. A custom-designed telecentric lens will also increase in cost rapidly as the cell size is increased. An alternative which does not have this problem is an off-axis reflective Type I system in which the aperture of the lens may be much smaller than the cell. The problem with this system is that in order to have a short projection throw, which is necessary for a desk-top rear-projection screen, the lens must have a wide field of view (60 or more). This is not easy to achieve with a high resolution flat-field lens. 

One of the advantages of a black-on-white LV is that overlay information can be projected in series with the LV. As shown in Fig. 8 the LC is imaged into the plane of an overlay slide which can contain full-color, high resolution images of business forms, maps, etc. The combined image of the cell and the overlay is projected at 25x magnification onto a 10-inch square rear-projection screen. Dynamic information appears in the central 5-inch square as black characters, an example of which is shown in Fig. 9. 

These five systems collect data from the plant, efficiently present the information to the operator, perform all automated functions and provide for direct manual control of components. The control room has been designed on anthropometric standards to allow for minimal acceptable manning levels. The panels are based on CRT and touch screen displays. The overall state of the plant is displayed on a large projected screen image. 

Another swept approach is shown in Figure 16.21 [85]. In the center, a semi-transparent bidirectional Lambertian scattering projection screen rotates around its center axis at... 

D. Coleman and G. Sharp, High efficiency polarization preserving cinema projection screens, SID Tech. Digest, 44, 748 (2013). 

Gain is expressed as screen brighmess relative to a lambertian surface. Table 5.9 lists some typical front-projection screens and their associated gains. 

Rear-projection screens usually employ extra elements, including diffusers and directional correctors, to maximize brightness and contrast in the viewing area. 

As with direct-view CRT screens, resolution can be affected by screen construction. This is not usuaUy a problem with front-projection screens, althoughgranularity or lenticular patterns can limitimage detail. In general, any screen element, such as the matrix arrangement described previously, that quantizes the image... 

Three possible solutions have been proposed (1) a video-based display on large screens, (2) see-through methods using goggles or projection screens, and (3) direct projection methods. 

The porosity of the fluidized bed at the discharging velocity dis is high - about 0.95 for fine particles and 0.98 for coarse particles, Froment and Bischoff (1990). Consequently we can use as approximation fijis = 1. The term Aproj is the projection screen of the particle, and fp the friction factor of a single particle, as shown in... 

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