Inherently life cycle

CCPS G-41. Inherently Safer Processes A Life Cycle Approach. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York. 

These inherently safer design strategies are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3, and examples can also be found in Chapter 4, which discusses inherently safer design opportunities through the life cycle of a chemical process. 

An ounce of Inherent Safety is worth a pound of life cycle cost. 

Addressing transportation risk at various life cycle stages can increase the inherent safety of the overall operation. For example, this may mean minimizing the number of railcars sitting on track within or outside the plant, selecting suppliers close to the plant, and so on. This chapter provides an overview of inherently safer concepts applied to transportation. 

The tools in CCPS (1994a) can be used in each stage of the chemical process life cycle to help evaluate the tradeoffs involving human factors between various options. In many cases, low cost options in design can make the operations inherently safer from a human factors perspective. 

Exxon Chemical (French et al., 1996 Wixom, 1995) has developed an inherent safety review process, and its application at various points in the process life cycle. 

ICI (Gillett, 1995 Turney, 1990) describes a 6-step hazard review procedure which occurs at specific points in the life cycle of a process, and focuses on inherently safer designs. 

Inherent safety reviews should be considered during appropriate stages of a typical project s life cycle. Suggested timing includes ... 

Tools to apply such a more broad view of a process would pay inherently safer dividends. One tool might include instructions on how to estimate the life cycle cost of proposed alternative solutions. Such a tool is not presently fully developed and available in the public domain. Training to assist in estimating life cycle cost is needed. 

Inherently Safer Chemical Processes—A Life Cycle Approach was written by the Center for Chemical Process Safety Inherently Safer Processes Subcommittee ... 

D. A. Crowl (editor). Inherently Safer Chemical Processes—A Life Cycle Approach, AIChE, New York, 1996. 

The mode of operation of a specific application should be the first consideration. The inherent design of each type of compressor defines the acceptable operating envelope or mode of operation that it can perform with reasonable reliability and life cycle costs. For example, a bullgear-type centrifugal compressor is not suitable for load-following applications but will prove exceptional service in constant-load and volume applications. 

Risk assessment is the procedure in which the risks posed by inherent hazards involved in processes or situations are estimated either quantitatively or qualitatively. In the life cycle of a chemical for instance, risks can arise during manufacture,... 

Bollinger, R. E, Clark, D. G., Dowell III, A. M., Ewbank, R. M., Hendershot, D. C., Lutz, W. K., Meszaros, S. I., Park, D. E. Wixom, E. D. 1996. Inherently Safer Chemical Processes - A Life Cycle Approach. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Centre for Chemical Process Hazards. 

Introduction The inherent nature of most chemicals handled in the chemical process industries is that they each have physical, chemical, and toxicological hazards to a greater or lesser degree. This requires that these hazards be contained and controlled throughout the entire life cycle of the facility, to avoid loss, injury and environmental damage. The provisions that will be necessary to contain and control the hazards will vary significantly depending on the chemicals and process conditions required. 

Bollinger, R.E., D.G. Clark, A.M. Dowell, R.M. Ewbank, D.C. Hendershot, W.K. Lutz, S.I. Meszaros, D.E. Park and E.D. Wixom 1996. Inherently Safer Chemical Processes A Life Cycle Approach. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers-Center for Chemical Process Safety. 

Another aspect of the time dimension of inherent safety concerns where in the life-cycle of the plant the decision to consider inherent safety arises [22]. It is generally acknowledged that the benefits of inherently safer technologies may persist throughout the life-cycle of a chemical process or plant. This is actually one of the reasons why anticipation of the need for inherent safety is so important being early can generate more benefits. 

---