Inherent characteristic

Temperature. Temperature sensor selection and installation should be based on the process-related requirements of a particular situation, ie, temperature level and range, process environment, accuracy, and repeatabiHty. Accuracy and repeatabiHty are affected by the inherent characteristics of the device and its location and installation. For example, if the average temperature of a flowing fluid is to be measured, mounting the device nearly flush with... 

An inherent valve flow characteristic is defined as the relationship between flow rate and travel, under constant pressure conditions. Since the last two terms in Eq. (8-115) are zero in this case, the inherent characteristic is necessarily also the relationship between flow coefficient and travel. 

FIG. 8-82 Installed flow characteristic as a function of percent of total system head allocated to the control valve (assuming constant head pump, no elevation head loss, and an R equal 30 equal-percentage inherent characteristic). 

The averaging time of the rapid-response record [Fig. 4-1 (a)] is an inherent characteristic of the instrument and the data acquisition system. It can become almost an instantaneous record of concentration at the receptor. However, in most cases this is not desirable, because such an instantaneous record cannot be put to any practical air pollution control use. What such a record reveals is something of the turbulent structure of the atmosphere, and thus it has some utility in meteorological research. In communications... 

ORM-C—A material which has other inherent characteristics not desribed as an ORM-A or ORM-B but which make it unsuitable for shipment, unless properly identified and prepared for transportation. Each ORM-C materials specifically named in Sec. 172.101. (Sec. 173.500 (a)(4))... 

Analyses are types of calculations but may be comparative studies, predictions, and estimations. Examples are stress analysis, reliability analysis, hazard analysis. Analyses are often performed to detect whether the design has any inherent modes of failure and to predict the probability of occurrence. The analyses assist in design improvement and the prevention of failure, hazard, deterioration, and other adverse conditions. Analyses may need to be conducted as the end-use conditions may not be reproducible in the factory. Assumptions may need to be made about the interfaces, the environment, the actions of users, etc. and analysis of such conditions assists in determining characteristics as well as verifying the inherent characteristics. (See also in Part 2 Chapter 14 under Detecting design weaknesses.)... 

Very many other examples might be quoted, but these suffice to show that each of the classes of substances quoted has some common inherent characteristic quite apart from questions of volatility, solubility, or physiological action. 

Congress, in an attempt to promote mineral development in the United States, has exempted most hazardous wastes produced at the wellsite under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subtitle C regulations. Hazardous wastes are listed due to inherent characteristics of ... 

Analyzing the behavior of filled polymers, as any other heterophase systems, two aspects should be distinguished. First, these are the properties of such systems, i.e. their inherent characteristics, independent of a measuring method if, of course, the measurements are correct (to select criteria of correctness of an experiment, carried out with multiphase systems, seems to be an independent and by no means a simple problem). Second, this is a manifestation of these properties when heterophase systems flow in channels of different geometrical form. Behind all this stands the basic applied problem—finding out how the properties of filled polymers, appearing during their flow, affect the properties of finished articles. 

Important inherent characteristics of an enzyme that should be considered are the substrate affinity, characterized by the Michaelis constant the rate of turnover fecat> providing the catalytic efficiency fecat/ M. and the catalytic potential. Several attempts to compare enzyme catalysis with that of platinum have been published. Direct comparisons are difficult, because enzyme electrodes must be operated in aqueous electrolyte containing dissolved substrate, whereas precious metal electrodes aie often supplied with a humidified gaseous stream of fuel or oxidant, and produce water as steam. It is not straightforward to compare tme optimal turnover rates per active site, as it is often unclear how many active sites are being engaged in a film of enzyme on an electrode. 

There exist many fundamental and philosophical truths in the universe. Among these is the notion that the value of an item is determined by its inherent characteristics and its surrounding environment. For example, a fishing pole near the sea is a useful tool, but when relocated to the desert its usefulness decreases. 

It is possible to distinguish two types of DC formulations (a) those where a major proportion is an active ingredient, and (b) those where the active ingredient is a minor component (i.e., <10% of the compression weight). In the former case, the inherent characteristics of the drug molecule, in particular the ability to prepare a physical form that will tablet directly, will have profound effects on the tablet s characteristics. 

Control Valve Pressure Drop Beat Inherent Characteristic... 

FLOW MEASUREMENT SIGNAL TO CONTROLLER LOCATION OF CONTROL VALVE IN RELATION TO MEASURING ELEMENT BEST INHERENT CHARACTERISTIC ... 

Offset, also called droop, is deviation that remains after a process has stabilized. Offset is an inherent characteristic of the proportional mode of control. In other words, the proportional mode of control will not necessarily return a controlled variable to its setpoint. 

As illustrated in Figure 29, the proportional only control mode responds to the decrease in demand, but because of the inherent characteristics of proportional control, a residual offset error remains. Adding the derivative action affects the response by allowing only one small overshoot and a rapid stabilization to the new control point. Thus, derivative action provides increased stability to the system, but does not eliminate offset error. 

With but few notable exceptions (75-77), an inherent characteristic of the metathesis of acyclic olefins with both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts is the tendency for attainment of thermodynamic equilibrium in the composition of cis and trans isomers in reactions carried to high conversion. Therefore, any inherent stereospecificity can only be evaluated by extrapolating compositional data to zero percent reaction. 

Antibody molecules have no inherent characteristic that facilitates their direct detection in immunoassays. A second important step in developing a successful immunoassay, therefore, involves the incorporation of a suitable marker . The marker serves to facilitate the rapid detection and quantification of antibody-antigen binding. Earlier immunoassay systems used radioactive labels as a marker (radioimmunoassay RIA) although immunoassay systems using enzymes (enzyme immunoassays EIA) subsequently have come to the fore. Yet additional immunoassay systems use alternative markers including fluorescent or chemiluminescent tags. 

The choice of test equipment to be used depends on the conditions, such as scale, temperature, mixing, and materials of construction, at which the substance or mixture is to be handled. The interpretation of the data from each of these tests is strongly dependent on the manner in which the test is run and on the inherent characteristics of the testing device. Guidance is provided along with each test description, particularly in the detailed sections later in this chapter. 

Screening data presents a special case that, due to its inherent characteristics, is not well served by traditional approaches (Gad, 1982b, 1988, 1989a, b, c). 

When developing the list of substances, EPA considered only the inherent characteristics of a chemical that indicate a severe threat due to exposure. Well-defined criteria were used for toxicity and flammability. However, because of the complexities of site-specific factors and process conditions, EPA was unable to determine any inherent characteristic as an indicator of reactivity. EPA concluded that there was insufficient technical information for developing criteria for identifying reactive substances. 46 Consequently, the January 1994 RMP list of 130 chemicals does not contain any substances listed due to reactive hazards. 

During the past four decades a plethora of newer complex organic medicinal compounds have taken cognizance in the therapeutic armamentarium. Evidently, these compounds posed two vital problems of quality control, both in pure and dosage forms by virtue of their inherent characteristics, namely ... 

The inherent characteristics are those that relate flow to valve position in the situation where the pressure drop over the control valve is constant. These are the (APn/AP ) = 0 curves in Fig. 7.8. Instcdled characteristics are those that result from the variation in the pressure drop over the valve. 

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