Inherent hazard

There are both inherent hazards in storing and handling explosives and undesirable noise and blast effects from the explosion. 

Speeifie preeautions against the inherent hazards of eaeh individual ehemieal. 

Fow inventory (small plant with less inherently hazardous materials on site). 

After the inherent hazards are reduced, layers of protection are frequently used to protect the receptors of the hazard—the public, the environment, workers, other processes, or the process itself (Figure 1.1). In the strictest sense, one could argue that the definition of inherently safer applies only to elimination or reduction of the hazard. In the broad sense, the strength of a layer of protection can be improved by features that are permanent and inseparable from that layer. Thus, layers of protection can be classified into three categories, listed in decreasing order of reliability passive, active, and procedural. A passive layer of protection can be described as inherently safer than an active... 

Figure. i. Reduce inherent hazards and improve inherent strength of protection layers to reduce risk... 

However, the benefits of air transportation, primarily speed, make it an attractive alternative for longer trips. These benefits have justified the expenditure of large amounts of money for providing extensive layers of protection to overcome the inherent hazards of air travel. The result is that air travel, while inherently more hazardous, is in fact safer than automobile travel for long trips. Similar situations can be expected to occur in the chemical process industry. 

Tyler, B. J. (1985). Using the Mond Index to Measure Inherent Hazards." Plant/Op-erations Progress 4, 3 (July), 172-75. 

The official report sums up the lessons of the fire by saying that it might have been prevented or its severity greatly reduced if a more detailed assessment of the inherent hazards and risks of the plant had been carried out by the company beforehand and if adequate records had been kept to build up a history on which an inspection and replacement program could have been based. 

Such chemical cure methods have been used for many years but, due to the inherent hazards of flammability and toxicity of the system, are not accepted in several countries. Also, if all the exposed working surfaces have not been properly treated, unvulcanised areas may occur which would rapidly deteriorate when the lining is put into service. 

Inherent hazard (e.g., toxicity, stability, reactivity) Cost Renewability Recyclability Size (volume) Scalability Controllability Energy (i.e., total, heating, cooling, recovery, treatment, etc.) Ease of cleaning and maintenance Safety/process safety ... 

A note of caution is appropriate at this juncture as many confuse the inherent hazard of materials with risk. This will be covered in slightly greater detail later in this chapter, but it is important to distinguish between hazard and risk. Risk is defined as being a function of the inherent hazard of a material and the potential, or likelihood, for exposure ... 

Risk = /(the inherent hazard of a material, the potential or likelihood for exposure)... 

Assessing and evaluating chemical hazards in order to seek the greenest options provides the foundation from which hfecycle impacts and exposure can be considered. By first selecting chemical candidates with the least inherent hazard, companies can make more informed choices by considering the potential for exposure and lifecycle impacts. 

Alternative 3 eliminates the risk of exposure at the site to the same levels as Alternatives 4 and 5 in the short term however, it relies solely on a cap for controlling the waste remaining in Area 1. Although capping is an effective and accepted approach for reducing risk from direct contact with wastes, it is less reliable in the long term than treatment, because the inherent hazard of the lead would remain. 

Alternatives 4 and 5 use treatment or fixation technologies to reduce the inherent hazards posed by all known waste at the site, posing more than a lx 10-6 excess cancer risk level by ingestion. However, neither alternative completely treats all of the soil at the site. Both alternatives produce 22,937 m3 (30,000 yd3) of fixed soil, and 13,762 to 15,291 m3 (18,000 to 20,000 yd3) of treated soil. Under Alternative 5, there would remain 13,762 m3 (18,000 yd3) of soil (with 99.8% TCE removal). Under Alternative 4, there would remain 15,291 m3 (20,000 yd3) of soil (with 99.9% TCE removal). These two alternatives would satisfy the statutory preference for treatment as a principal element. 

In liquid phase aerobic oxidation of p-xylene in acetic acid to terephthalic acid, it is important to eliminate the inherent hazards of this fuel-air mixture. Effects of temperature, pressure and presence of steam on the explosive limits of the mixture have been studied. 

This article shows, through example, how established system safety concepts can be used to develop safety criteria for the design of a chemical surety materiel laboratory. This systematic approach, when applied as described in this article, results in a laboratory dedicated to achieve mission objectives in an environment relatively free of inherent hazards for the least number of dollars. 

Preliminary Hazard Analysis. The next step in the process is the development of a PHA. This analysis is the core of the FSS program and as such is vital in eliminating or reducing the inherent hazards associated with this laboratory operation. The PHA is used to further analyze the data identified in the PHL. This enhances the hazard control data base and provides specific recommended corrective action for the resolution of hazardous conditions. A combination of the informational sources used in the PHL development and any additional design information should be used in PHA development. 

This article is a step in the direction we must all head toward and that is total system safety for facilities to reduce inherent hazards associated with their operation. 

Risk assessment is the procedure in which the risks posed by inherent hazards involved in processes or situations are estimated either quantitatively or qualitatively. In the life cycle of a chemical for instance, risks can arise during manufacture,... 

Flare should be located as remote from the facility and property line due to their inherent hazardous features. They should be well away from high hazard areas or public occupied areas. A location perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction remofe from the major sources of vapor releases and process or storage facilities is preferred. The chosen location should not allow liquids which may be ejected from the flare system to expose the facility. This principal should apply even if a liquid knock out feature is incorporated. 

Because of the inherent hazards associated with helideck operations they should be provided with... 

Emergency responses to incidents involving weapons of mass destruction are much different from responses to incidents involving conventional explosives. For example, while the debris from conventional explosives may be extensive and present hazards to the individuals responding, such as fires or structural instability, the materials are not inherently hazardous. In this situation, the site can be secured and forensic investigations can be conducted similarly to investigations at other crime scenes. 

First, the inherent hazards of community maintenance through intensive lawn care are largely reconciled through qualified anxiety. Keeping in mind that... 

However REACH moves the list approach forward by setting a clear standard across Europe on what must be substituted. Any chemical meeting the criteria of very high concern because of its inherent hazards should be subject to the substitution procedure. Conversely, any chemical not intrinsically of very high... 

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