CAMP concentration

Bettelheim draws on his experience in concentration camps to illuminate the dangers inherent in all mass societies in this profound and moving masterpiece. 

Anhaltelagsr, n. concentration camp, anhalten, v.t. stop, stay, halt, arrest. — v.i. stop hold on, persist solicit.—anhaltend, p.a. continuous, persistent, lasting astrin gent. 

The lounge, which also serves breakfast (the bar s bottle shelves rotate to conceal the liquor), is the latest update to Wolf s, which is owned by Ralph Scotto, who trademarked the name in 1998 and moved the deli to its present location. The original Wolf s, at the corner, was started in 1951 by Dave Wolf, a concentration camp survivor, as one of a small chain of delis in Manhattan. 

Haber s legacy, like his life, was a mix of high-minded science and nationalism gone tragically amiss. To obliterate Haber s achievements, the Nazis credited others with his nitrogen-fixation process and his chemical warfare work. Most horrifically, the Nazis used the pesticide Zyklon B—an offshoot of work begun in Haber s institute and supported by him—in concentration camp gas chambers. Among Haber s relatives, members of his stepsister s family lost their lives to Zyklon B cyanide at Auschwitz. 

Anonymous. DDT. Journal for the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 61 (Dec. 1945) 335-336. Source for Geigy s mothproofer natural insecticides inadequate key beetle experiment DDT shirts concentration camps postwar uses of DDT how DDT kills Swiss potatoes saved and Naples epidemic. 

Every day troops arrived who had not washed for a month. Some of their vehicles were faded and dirty. Not only was this fellow a welcome quartermaster, but working for him were the best of all character witnesses — refugees from the concentration camps across the Pohsh border. He had brought them here, and while they didn t talk much, they worked hard for him and said nothing to refute his claim that he had picked them all and trained them so that, when they returned home, they would have skilled professions. 

In my compartment there was a man, a working man, and he told with loud voice to the other men and wives in the compartment that in Auschwitz concentration camp people — people were burned in a crematorium (he said not the word "crematorium") and in large numbers. And then the whole air in Auschwitz was filled with the smell of death. I was very deeply impressed and I sprang up and said he should not say such lies. 

Q. You say, then, that in the beginning of 1942 you heard of Auschwitz concentration camp, about the burnings and cruelties going on there, and you learned that from an open discussion on the train... 

Q. Is this your statement, Dr. Struss "After I spoke to Heidebroek I was convinced that the situation at the Auschwitz concentration camp was as bad as they had told me, but I was hoping that it was not true" Is that a fair statement ... 

Altogether, there wasn t much more evidence than Bernstein had turned up two years before. There had been thousands of forced laborers working in the Farben plants yet here there wasn t a single statement from any of them to pin responsibility for their plight on any Farben director. Also puzzling was the absence of direct evidence about the Farben buna plant at the Auschwitz concentration camp. The "album of dedication" which Major Tilley had found at Geheimrat Schmitz s house had disappeared. Two weeks before, Drew Pearson, at my request, had advertised over the radio for its return. His appeal had got no response. I exclaimed "Farben must have kept some records at the Auschwitz site."... 

All I m saying is that we can use a simpler method of proof from now on, one that would reflect back on the proof that s already in. It s hard to take the rearmament up the line. It s not so hard with some of the things that happened at Auschwitz. For example, Farben built its buna-rubber plant near Auschwitz and put the engineer Duerrfeld in charge. And then we show that Duerrfeld s boss, Ambros, knew that concentration-camp inmates were being used at the plant, and he reported this to Ter Meer and the other members of the technical committee. But these technical-committee members were also members of the board. In this way we can show not only what kind of men these defendants are, but also begin to show responsibility all the way up to the top."... 

Q. What did you personally know about the concentration camp ... 

Q. Did the plants under you ever send any drugs to concentration camps ... 

One of the Farben drugs, Methylene Blue, had been developed in the hope of curing people who had typhus. Dr. Mertens department at Leverkusen had sent several hundred doses of this unproved drug to faraway Auschwitz. There the shipment was received by a young doctor named Vetter who had lately worked for Mertens. Vetter had chosen healthy concentration camp inmates and injected the typhus disease, which struck the veins like a bolt of fire. When the disease had reached its delirious stage, he had injected the drug. Vetter had sent a full report to Dr. Mertens. 

Both the prosecution and the defense counsel realized that the question of Hoerlein s responsibility for Dr. Vetter s concentration-camp experiments might stand or fall upon the proof of the relationship between Dr. Mertens and Dr. Hoerlein in the I.G. Farben hierarchy. 

Q. Was it not at some conference between Dr. Mertens and yourself that it was reported to you that Vetter was a camp doctor at Auschwitz and was trying out B-1034 (Methylene Blue) on concentration-camp inmates ... 

Whether or not he had known Farben s drug Methylene Blue had been tested on helpless inmates of concentration camps, the fact remained that the experiments had proved unsuccessful and the German government was still appealing to its scientists for an effective means of combating typhus. 

A. I cannot answer with a simple "yes" or "no." Yes, I have stated that, yes, but 1 must add this Today one reads something dated 1941 under a different viewpoint. Now we know what happened in the concentration camps. 

It s better than that Bear in mind that they sent the 50 doses, not to Auschwitz in Poland, but to the Buchenwald concentration camp in the center of Germany, where there was no epidemic."... 

Q. May I go back to this meeting at which the Lemberg Institute was conceived. These additional 50 doses that went to concentration camp Buchenwaid — what kind of tests did you think were contemplated ... 

As he described it, Farben had nothing to do with the place. Several outside construction firms were building roads, laying tracks for a railroad connection, digging foundations for new houses. People who worked in columns unloaded gravel for the track he saw only that they worked slowly and their heads were shaved. They were concentration-camp inmates. 

At any rate, some reason existed why something had to be discussed in the concentration camp, and Dr. Ambros had to do this, and since I had been in the automobile with him, I came along into the concentration camp with him. It was in the afternoon, probably around five o clock, because it began to get dark shortly thereafter. 

On the outskirts, a concentration camp had just been built. The camp was called "Auschwitz" (the German translation). The town itself was still "Oswiecem" when Ambros drove around it. 

According to Dr. ter Meer, the existence of the concentration camp had not crossed his mind when he accepted Ambros invitation (this was his first visit, a year before he scanned the grounds from the boiler house) to come down to look the place over. Here was an industrial delight The buna factory they wanted to build would have a capacity larger than any of the others. They would need a million tons of hard coal, and Oswiecem was on the southern border of the Silesian coal fields. The plant needed as much power as the city of Berlin, and here at Oswiecem three rivers united — the Sola, the Przemsze, and the Little Vistula. East of the town was another river which could furnish extra power and would take off the waste from the plant. 

But Dr. ter Meer didn t believe that Ambros, in inviting him there, had mentioned a concentration camp. "I do not recall that he at that time discussed that some of the labor would be drawn from the near-by concentration camp, but I will say that Ambros, who in his reports was very exact, probably mentioned it, though I am not positive."... 

Ambros was very exact. A few weeks later, he reported twice to a group of buna colleagues at Ludwigshafen that plans were being made to build a second concentration camp at Auschwitz "The inhabitants of the town of Auschwitz itself are 2000 Germans, 4000 Jews, 7000 Poles. The availability of inmates of the camp would be advantageous."... 

Q. Dr. ter Meer, when you made your visit to the concentration camp proper in October 1943, with Ambros, were you shown as a point of interest the crematorium ... 

A. From the main road leading from the entrance to the concentration camp, I saw a curious small, rounded, hut-like structure. Since it looked very peculiar, I asked what it was. I was told that it served to cremate the corpses in the case of deaths that had arisen. 

Dr. Buetefisch had lost the record of his travels during those years. He had received regular reports not only from the Fuersten-grube mine, but from the main concentration camp. These reports were "largely uninteresting." And he d been able to find pleasant witnesses who recalled detachments going out to live in subsidiary camps near the mines. 

On construction sites, as is m the nature of things, there frequently occurred serious accidents. It also happens that people become sick and unwell. Mr. Faust was a choleric he was a man who had worked on many construction sites, and he had a rather rough manner.. . . One of the differences between Camp IV, Monowitz, and the other concentration camps was the density of its population. People had to be pushed into this camp. 

The concentration camp already existing with approximately 7000 prisoners is to be expanded. The inhabitants of the town of Auschwitz, especially the children, make a very miserable impression. Apart from the market place, the town is wretched. If industry is established here, the 4000 Jews and 7000 Poles could be turned out so that the town would be available for the staff of the factory. A concentration camp will be built in the immediate neighborhood of Auschwitz for these Jews and Poles. 

On the occasion of a dinner given for us by the authorities of the concentration camp, we further decided upon all measures for the use of the camp for the benefit of the buna works. Our new friendship with the SS is proving very profitable. 

He had visited the Auschwitz camps at that time, too. No duty took him there, he said he just wanted to inform himself what a concentration camp was realty like. He had heard from his colleagues Ter Meer and Von Knieriem that the inmates worked their own gardens. 

Oh, yes — his visit did have a small purpose. At the concentration camp, Farben was responsible for building new barracks to... 

Q. I remind you of the fact that this morning you made certain statements about your letter to Ter Meer. In this letter you describe your first visit, and you wrote "The institution of a concentration camp m something horrible. It is torture for the inmates." When did you gain that enlightenment ... 

Every year, he went to the site several times to inspect the construction. His recollection had first been prodded into believing that the last time he had entered the concentration camp itself was 1942. But by 1942, 26,000 inmates were jammed into Camp I, mainly because of the buna factory, rising over an area larger than the town itself. Camp I was a suburb compared to the camp which had been built to house the townspeople and the "poor racial composition of the area." This Camp II now housed 86,000 inmates. 

He had heard of beatings by the SS within the concentration camp proper, he went on, but he had ordered the camp commandant to stop it. Ordered an SS Colonel Yes, ordered, he repeated. He had even set up a bonus system as a kind of compensation to the inmates for their imprisonment. 

Q. Mr. Ambros, if you knew, for instance, that on the Auschwitz cpnstruction site, say 5000 concentration-camp inmates were working, did you have any information whether the same person went on working from 1941 to 1944 ... 

Q. Thank you very much. Now, did Dr. Struss ever talk to you about events in concentration camps ... 

A. Yes. I recall that after a conference concerning the railway between Auschwitz town and the I.G. Farben concentration camp, in the afternoon Herr Pohl came into the Farben plant and looked at the construction site. I spoke of our concern that the site was still lacking labor. [This slip-of-the-tongue was the first reference to an I.G. Farben concentration camp.l... 

Q. Dr. Ambros, I show you NI 14309. I ask you whether this memorandum, dated May 1943, refreshes your recollection as to whether the construction management of I.G. Farben exercised full control over the use of concentration-camp inmates it assigned to the sub-construction Arms. 

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