Inherent Effects

With the paraboloid method followed by the maximum-likelihood refinement of the exit-wave function, the inherent effects of the microscope on the exit wave function due to spherical aberration and defocus are eliminated resulting in a complex-valued wave function with the delocalization removed. However, the electron wave function frequently suffers from residual aberrations due to insufficient microscope alignment. In a single image, it is not possible to remove these aberrations, but, with the reconstructed complex wave function, one can use a numerical phase plate to compensate the effect of aberrations by applying appropriate phase shifts (Thustetal. 1996b). 

Extrinsic Cotton effects are due to the inherent dissymmetry of the enzyme-bound chromophore (an inherent effect) and/or to the interactions of the chromophore with the encompassing dissymmetric environment (interactive effects). The inherent effects are those which the free chromophore would exhibit if its conformation were identical with that of the enzyme-bound form. The interactive effects result from protein-ligand interactions or ligand-ligand interactions. The main problem in interpretation of die CD of enzyme-bound chromophores is distinguishing between the inherent and the interactive effects. 

Let us now examine the antioxidant test results for the various phenols alkylated by a-olefins. They have been evaluated in several tests, but data are presented in Table III for only four different test procedures, chosen to illustrate the effect of increasing severity of test conditions. The least severe of these is the 140°C. stress-crack life test using a 65-mil thick molded bar. The 160 °C. oven-life test using the same molded bar is somewhat more severe. Increasing severity is shown by the 140°C. oven-life test and the 160°C. oven-life test using 5-mil film test pieces. The relatively thick bars used in the first two tests provide a reservoir of antioxidant to replace that lost from the surface. These tests probably measure the inherent effectiveness of the antioxidant. In the tests using... 

The inherent effective conjugation length of radical ion sites on a jr-chain can only be defined properly if there is no false confinement induced by chemical defects. Chemical defects such as sp -centers within a conjugated chain must also be avoided in view of the charge-carrier mobility. Problems associated with the synthesis of structurally homogeneous, defect-free -systems should be even more serious when going from linear to two-dimensional, so-called ladder structures, which are known to have particularly attractive chemical and physical properties. 

Dienes are inherently chiral if they are twisted around the central CC bond. This produces a rotational strength that is positive if the twisted butadiene chromophore forms a right-handed helix. But since this inherent effect is not always predominant, contributions of other substituents have to be taken into account as well in order to be able to predict the CD spectrum. Substituents in allylic positions are frequently most important. 

It is obvious that consistency is lacking in the reported studies of CHj radicals stabilized on PVG or other surfaces. Because of the Inherent effect of the iodine formed during the photolysis of CH I some alternate sources for CH are highly desirable. One possible candidate is azomethane. 

As well as the inherent effects of temperature on the ionization of weakly acidic and basic functional groups, precise calculation of pK values from potenti-ometric titration requires the autoprotolysis constant for water, pKw- This quantity has been shown by careful measurements [90, 91] to be very temperature dependent, with values ranging from 14.943s at 0 °C to 13.017i at 60 °C and 12.264 at 100 °C [92-94]. 

The inherent effectiveness of SEC for large-scale protein purification is based on the equilibrium nature of the method, which results in high yields because little solute is denatured, and in the predictability of elution once column parameters are known. 

MWs were compared. Hence it was concluded that amount of in-plane n-stacking is not the primary cause of the dependence of mobility on MW. Instead, the domain boundary structure of the low-MW films or inherent effects of chain length play a key role in electronic properties causing the remaining mobility dependence. Other recent studies have also addressed the effect of P3HT molecular weight on FET carrier mobility [167, 168]... 

In structural work, the exact conformation may be affected by a combination of intra- and inter-complex interactions such as counterion, medium of recrystallization, hydrogen bonding and steric effects of the particular substituted nucleobase studied [4, 5]. These effects have to be somewhat separated from inherent effects such as the dihedral angles discussed above, although the interplay is complicated. The various parameters have been summarized for bis(purine), bis(pyrimidine) and mixed purine and pyrimidine complexes and for hydrogen bonding patterns. The reader is referred to the references [69—71] for detailed analysis of these points. 

Inspection of a set of replicate measurements or results may reveal that one or more is considerably higher or lower than the remainder and appears to be outside the range expected from the inherent effects of indeterminate (random) errors alone. Such values are termed outliers, or suspect values, because it is possible that they may have a bias due to a determinate error. On occasions, the source of error may already be known or it is discovered on investigation, and the outlier(s) can be rejected without recourse to a statistical test. Frequently, however, this is not the case, and a test of significance such as the Q-test should be applied to a suspect value to determine whether it should be rejected and therefore not included in any further computations and statistical assessments of the data. 

Thus determination of the partition coefficient for any easily measured ionic solute can be used to calculate the Ionic content of the gel. Ionic dyes like methyl orange are especially attractive test solutes because they are easily and accurately measured spectrophotometrically at low concentrations. However any ionic solute can be used, including simple salts like sodium chloride. To carry out this experiment, the water swollen gel is immersed in a roughly equal volume of a dilute solution containing the test solute. From the change in solution concentration as solute diffuses into the gel, can be determined by a mass balance. The inherent effectiveness of this technique using variety of test solutes Is clearly evident in the work of Gehrke et al. [4]. 

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