Intrinsic inherent

In the gas phase, bond fission is invariably homolytic and complications from solvents are absent. Reactants follow their reaction route in splendid isolation which depends only on the intrinsic (inherent) properties of the reactant molecules. On the other hand, bond fission in solution is generally heterolytic due to the EPD/EPA properties of the solvents. The ubiquitous solvent molecules perturb the reactants in their reaction course, sometimes to such an extent that the solvent is entirely responsible for the observed rate constants. 

To observers in the early 21st century, the mistake of the alchemists is immediately clear They did not follow the scientific method. In the scientific method, a new idea is accepted only temporarily, in the form of a hypothesis. It is then subjected to rigorous testing, in carefully controlled experiments. Only by surviving many such tests is a hypothesis elevated to become a scientific law. In addition to having explained the results of numerous experiments, a scientific law must be predictive failure to accurately predict the results of a new experiment is sufficient to invalidate a scientific law. Concepts or ideas that have earned the status of scientific laws by direct and repeated testing then can be applied with confidence in new environments. Had a proper set of tests been made in separate, independent experiments, the alchemists would have recognized that the properties of a material are, in fact, intrinsic, inherent characteristics of that material and cannot be separated from it. 

The cardiovascular system is described as a highway network, which includes a pumping station (the heart), a working fluid (blood), a complex branching configuration of distributing and collecting pipes and channels (the blood vessels), and a sophisticated means for both intrinsic (inherent) and extrinsic... 

Modeling errors. Intrinsic (inherent) degree of errors in mathematical models are unavoidable and, of course, they alfect the control policy. 

Dilute Polymer Solutions. The measurement of dilute solution viscosities of polymers is widely used for polymer characterization. Very low concentrations reduce intermolecular interactions and allow measurement of polymer—solvent interactions. These measurements ate usually made in capillary viscometers, some of which have provisions for direct dilution of the polymer solution. The key viscosity parameter for polymer characterization is the limiting viscosity number or intrinsic viscosity, [Tj]. It is calculated by extrapolation of the viscosity number (reduced viscosity) or the logarithmic viscosity number (inherent viscosity) to zero concentration. 

The viscosity ratio or relative viscosity, Tj p is the ratio of the viscosity of the polymer solution to the viscosity of the pure solvent. In capillary viscometer measurements, the relative viscosity (dimensionless) is the ratio of the flow time for the solution t to the flow time for the solvent /q (Table 2). The specific (sp) viscosity (dimensionless) is also defined in Table 2, as is the viscosity number or reduced (red) viscosity, which has the units of cubic meters per kilogram (m /kg) or deciUters per gram (dL/g). The logarithmic viscosity number or inherent (inh) viscosity likewise has the units m /kg or dL/g. For Tj g and Tj p, the concentration of polymer, is expressed in convenient units, traditionally g/100 cm but kg/m in SI units. The viscosity number and logarithmic viscosity number vary with concentration, but each can be extrapolated (Fig. 9) to zero concentration to give the limiting viscosity number (intrinsic viscosity) (Table 2). 

Factors which affect the inherent or intrinsic mobility of a single chain considered on its own. 

What do we mean when we speak of an inherently safer chemical process Inherent has been defined as existing in something as a permanent and inseparable element, quality, or attribute (American College Dictionary, 1967). A chemical manufacturing process is inherently safer if it reduces or eliminates the hazards associated with materials and operations used in the process, and this reduction or elimination is permanent and inseparable. To appreciate this definition fully, it is essential to understand the precise meaning of the word hazard. A hazard is defined as a physical or chemical characteristic that has the potential for causing harm to people, the environment, or property (adapted from CCPS, 1992). The key to this definition is that the hazard is intrinsic to the material, or to its conditions of storage or use. Some specific examples of hazards include ... 

Different drugs have different inherent capacities to induce response (intrinsic efficacy). Thus, equal cellular responses can be achieved by different fractional receptor occupancies of these drugs. 

No real processes are reversible the irreversibility, however, may be either inherent in the process, or adventitious. Processes which cannot, even approximately, be reversed by any means we possess may be called Intrinsically Irreversible Processes those which can be made to approach more and more closely to reversible processes, by a suitable modification of the conditions under which they occur, may be called Conditionally Irreversible Processes. 

A biomarker of susceptibility is an indicator of an inherent or acquired limitation of an organism s ability to respond to the challenge of exposure to a specific xenobiotic substance. It can be an intrinsic genetic or other characteristic or a preexisting disease that results in an increase in absorbed dose, a decrease in the biologically effective dose, or a target tissue response. If biomarkers of susceptibility exist, they are discussed in Section 3.10 Populations That Are Unusually Susceptible. 

To obtain an increased intrinsic capacity to transgress biological membranes, a number of different modifications have been introduced to PNA. These modifications include conjugation of PNA to Hpophilic moieties [51, 97, 98], conjugation of PNA to certain so-caUed ceU-penetrating peptides [49, 55, 56, 66, 99-102] and conjugation to different moieties, which are supposed to be internahzed by specific cellular receptors [48, 103-105]. The work on cellular dehvery of PNA is, like the related work on ex vivo and in vivo effects of PNA, very difficult to summarize conclusively. First of all, the pronounced diversity of the reporter systems employed makes it impossible to directly compare the studies. Secondly, the widespread use of fluorescence studies in spite of the many inherent pitfalls of this technique makes it sometimes difficult to judge even qualitatively whether a presented result actually indicates cellular uptake. We have recently published a comprehensive review on cellular dehvery of PNA [82], with a more detailed assessment of the PNA dehvery hterature. 

Solution viscosity is empirically related to molecular weight for linear polymers. Intrinsic viscosity ([17]) is (risp/Qc-a< where is (rj, - 1) and C is a concentration of the polymer in solution. The quantity Vr represents J7/170, where rj and tjq are the viscosity of the polymer solution and pure solvent, respectively. Inherent viscosity (T i h) is ln(VQ-... 

Intrinsic resistance. This suggests that inherent properties of the bacterium are... 

Almost all the papers and committees have overlooked the fact that there may be a better and cheaper solution to the problem. If we could design our plants so that they use safer raw materials and intermediates, or not so much of the hazardous ones, or use the hazardous ones at lower temperatures and pressures, then we would avoid rather than solve a lot of our problems. Such plants can be described as intrinsically or inherently safe, while the conventional plant, in which the hazards are kept under control, is extrinsically safe."... 

Velocity Most metals and alloys are protected from corrosion, not by nobility [a metal s inherent resistance to enter into an electrochemical reaction with that environment, e.g., the (intrinsic) inertness of gold to (almost) everything but aqua regia], but by the formation of a protective film on the surface. In the examples of film-forming protective cases, the film has similar, but more limiting, specific assignment of that exemplaiy-type resistance to the exposed environment (not nearly so broad-based as noted in the case of gold). Velocity-accelerated corrosion is the accelerated or increased rate of deterioration or attack on a metal surface because of relative movement between a corrosive fluid and the metal surface, i.e., the instability (velocity sensitivity) of that protective film. 

The on-line viscosimeters currently available are adaptations of the classical dilute solution capillary viscosimeters. They work on the principle of measuring the pressure drop across a capillary with a differential pressure transducer. The pressure drop can be related to the reduced or inherent viscosity of the sample via Poiseuille s law.84 Intrinsic viscosity is determined using the equation ... 

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