Inherently waste-like

The statutory definition points out that whether a material is a solid waste is not based on the physical form of the material (i.e., whether or not it is a solid as opposed to a liquid or gas), but rather that the material is a waste. The regulations further define solid waste as any material that is discarded by being either abandoned, inherently waste-like, a certain military munition, or recycled (Figure 13.1). These terms are defined as follows ... 

Inherently waste-like. Some materials pose such a threat to human health and the environment that they are always considered solid wastes these materials are considered to be inherently waste-like. Examples of inherently waste-like materials include certain dioxin-containing wastes. 

A dioxin-containing waste considered inherently waste-like ... 

Dioxin-containing wastes considered inherently waste-like. Dioxin-containing wastes are considered inherently waste-like because they pose significant threats to human health and the environment if released or mismanaged. As a result, RCRA does not exempt such wastes from the definition of solid waste even if they are recycled through direct use or reuse without prior reclamation. This is to ensure that such wastes are subject to the most protective regulatory controls. 

The term solid waste is a very comprehensive term that can be difficult to dehne precisely. The United States Code of Federal Regulations (Chapter 1, Part 261, of Title 40) provides the legal dehnition. That document dehnes solid wastes rather simply as "any discarded material that is not excluded by other provisions of the chapter. Those provisions refer primarily to liquid wastes, such as sludge and domestic wastewater. The U.S. Army provides a somewhat more detailed definition of the term "any garbage, refuse, sludge, or other discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial, institutional, and residential activity. Discarded materials include those that are disposed of, abandoned, recycled, or are inherently waste-like. ... 

Discarded Material Material abandoned, recycled or inherently waste-like (article 40CFR 261.2(c))... 

The first step of hazardous waste identification is determining whether a material is a solid waste. A solid waste is any material that is discarded. (The modifier solid is not indicative of the physical state of the material. That is, a solid waste may be in the liquid or gaseous phases as well as the solid phase.) A material is considered discarded when it is abandoned, recycled, or inherently waste-like. Abandonment occurs when a material is disposed of burned/ incinerated or accumulated, stored, or treated before, or in lieu of, abandonment. Recycling occurs when a material is used in a manner that resembles disposal (e.g., placed on the ground) burned to recover its energy reclaimed to recover a usable product or accumulated speculatively. In addition, a few specific materials have been designated inherently waste-like (e.g., certain dioxin-containing wastes) and are considered solid wastes when recycled in... 

A waste is any material that is discarded by being abandoned (i.e., disposed of, burned, or incinerated), recycled, or considered inherently waste-like [40 CFR 261.2]. 

These state that generators that transport hazardous waste or offer it for transportation, offsite treatment, storage, or disposal must use a manifest so that the shipment is tracked from generation through to final disposition. The EPA s hazardous wastes are subsets of solid wastes, which include solids, liquids, semisolids, or gaseous materials that are discarded, abandoned, recycled, or inherently waste-like and are not otherwise excluded. 

PCDD/F and other chlorinated hydrocarbons observed as micropollutants in incineration plants are products of incomplete combustion like other products such as carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and soot. The thermodynamically stable oxidation products of any organic material formed by more than 99% are carbon dioxide, water, and HCl. Traces of PCDD/F are formed in the combustion of any organic material in the presence of small amounts of inorganic and organic chlorine present in the fuel municipal waste contains about 0.8% of chlorine. PCDD/F formation has been called the inherent property of fire. Many investigations have shown that PCDD/Fs are not formed in the hot zones of flames of incinerators at about 1000°C, but in the postcombustion zone in a temperature range between 300 and 400°C. Fly ash particles play an important role in that they act as catalysts for the heterogeneous formation of PCDD/Fs on the surface of this matrix. Two different theories have been deduced from laboratory experiments for the formation pathways of PCCD/F ... 

This thermal process is listed under vitrification and can accept waste formulations that are vitreous in nature however, due to the mode of operation and the inherent interaction between the microwave energy and the molten waste, the conditions produced in the process are conducive to crystal formation. Therefore, production of a strictly vitreous final waste form is not likely. 

There are inherent scale limitations in the time and space dimensions covered by laboratory studies. The applicability of the near field geochemical models derived from laboratory observations have to be applied to long-term, large-scale situations like the ones involved in the safety assessment of nuclear waste repositories. Hence, there is a need to test the models developed from laboratory investigations in field situations that are related to the ones to be encountered in repository systems. 

Apart from the lubricant area fraction, the actual dimensions of the recesses are also important. Deep, narrow pockets are inherently likely to give strong support and retention of the lubricant material, but, as shown previously, deep pockets are wasteful of lubricant, while narrow pockets are susceptible to blocking with wear debris. On the other hand, wide shallow pockets are likely to provide poorer support and retention for the lubricant material. Wide recesses will also lead to a gross lack of uniformity in the surface strength of the bearing surface because the lubricant composite and the metal matrix are likely to have very different moduli. 

Toxicity of Zn to plants is most likely to appear in acid soils that have not been subjected to prolonged acid leaching. The rather high potential solubility of Zn " in acid soils, and the fact that Zn is typically a high-concentration pollutant of industrial wastes and sewage sludges, combine to create a significant potential for phytotoxicity from land application of wastes. This is in spite of the fact that Zn toxicity to plants is inherently fairly low. 

Finding Based on available data and the experience of the members of the committee, the chemical constituents most likely to be of concern in the RAP process for EDS liqnid wastes are chlorinated organics, possible degradation products of energetic compounds, metals, suspended solids, and monoethanolamine (MEA). These constituents were chosen based on their abundance in the neutralent, their inherent toxicity, their resistance to treatment, or overall regulatory and public concern. 

From the standpoint of the atom economy, there are some inherently atom-economical reactions such as addition and rearrangement reactions, which are likely to produce less waste than other reactions. Such reaction types are worth considering when devising a synthetic strategy. There are also a number of other factors that need to be considered when determining the most efficient and environmentally friendly route of a reaction. These factors include... 

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