Inherent optical properties

Inherent optical properties are independent of changes in the radiance distribution and depend only on the substances in the water [Preisendorfer (1961)]. 

The diffuse attenuation coefficient (K ) is one of several apparent optical properties (AOPs) of natural waters described by Preisendorfer [25]. Unlike inherent optical properties (lOPs) described below, AOP s depend on the quality of incident light as well as the optical qualities of the water. In spite of this apparent limitation (and in part because the differences between AOP s and lOP s were said to be small in many instances [26]), a case was argued for the standard use of to characterize natural waters for purposes of optical comparisons and bio-optical models [27,28]. Gordon [17,29] provided a practical means to adjust measurements to remove much of its dependence on the ambient light field. In particular, Gordon [17] established that, after adjustment (described below), averaged from surface to Zio% is proportional to the summed concentrations of constituent optical compounds. 

In contrast to AOP s, inherent optical properties (lOP s) depend solely on the water and its optically active constituents. The lOP s include the beam absorption coefficient a , beam scattering coefficient fi , and beam attenuation coefficient c , which are related as follows ... 

F.E. Hoge, A. Vodacek, N.V. Blough (1993). Inherent optical properties of the ocean Retrieval of the absorption coefficient of chromophoric dissolved organic matter from fluorescence measurements. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38,1394-1402. 

Bi L, Yang P Impact of calcification state on the inherent optical properties of Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths and coccolithophores, J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 155 10—21, 2015. 

Stramski D, Bricaud A, Morel A Modeling the inherent optical properties of the ocean based on the detailed composition of the planktonic community, Appl Qpt 40(18) 2929—2945,... 

Boss, E. and Zaneveld, J.R.V. (2003). The effect of bottom substrate on inherent optical properties Evidence of biogeochemical processes. Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 346-354. 

Hoge, F.E., and Lyon, RE. (2005). New tools for the study of oceanic eddies Satellite derived inherent optical properties. Remote Sens. Environ., 95,444-452. 

Hoge, F.E. (2005). Oceanic inherent optical properties Proposed single laser lidar and retrieval theory. Appl. Optics, 44, 7483-7486. 

As is to be expected, inherent disorder has an effect on electronic and optical properties of amorphous semiconductors providing for distinct differences between them and the crystalline semiconductors. The inherent disorder provides for localized as well as nonlocalized states within the same band such that a critical energy, can be defined by distinguishing the two types of states (4). At E = E, the mean free path of the electron is on the order of the interatomic distance and the wave function fluctuates randomly such that the quantum number, k, is no longer vaHd. For E < E the wave functions are localized and for E > E they are nonlocalized. For E > E the motion of the electron is diffusive and the extended state mobiHty is approximately 10 cm /sV. For U <, conduction takes place by hopping from one localized site to the next. Hence, at U =, )J. goes through a... 

In Raman spectroscopy the intensity of scattered radiation depends not only on the polarizability and concentration of the analyte molecules, but also on the optical properties of the sample and the adjustment of the instrument. Absolute Raman intensities are not, therefore, inherently a very accurate measure of concentration. These intensities are, of course, useful for quantification under well-defined experimental conditions and for well characterized samples otherwise relative intensities should be used instead. Raman bands of the major component, the solvent, or another component of known concentration can be used as internal standards. For isotropic phases, intensity ratios of Raman bands of the analyte and the reference compound depend linearly on the concentration ratio over a wide concentration range and are, therefore, very well-suited for quantification. Changes of temperature and the refractive index of the sample can, however, influence Raman intensities, and the band positions can be shifted by different solvation at higher concentrations or... 

Liquid crystals (LCs) have been the focus of considerable research for many years and have been developed for use in a wide array of applications. Recently, the development and application of polymer/LC composites has become an area of great interest in LC research. Introducing polymers in LC systems increases the inherent mechanical strength and may dramatically change the LC phase behavior and electro-optic properties (7). Conversely, the directional ordering present in liquid crystals forms a fascinating media in which to study polymerizations (2). 

Semiconductor NPs, such as CdS, are commonly used as labels for optical detection of bioanalytes due to their inherent fluorescent properties. Several reviews on semiconductor NPs as fluorescent labels for biosensors are currently available in the literature.53 However, since these fluorescent labels are beyond the scope of this chapter, only semiconductor NPs that involve electrochemical detection methods (stripping voltammetry or photoelectrochemical detection) will be discussed. 

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