Inherently conducting polymer

Inherently Conducting Polymers. Conducting polymers are polymers with a pi-electron backbone capable of passing an electrical current. These polymers generally are not sufficiently conductive as neat polymers but require the inclusion of an oxidi2ing or reducing agent (dopant) to render them conductive. 

Inherently Conducting Polymers Their Role in the Evolution of Intelligent Polymer Systems... 

While a number of classes of polymers are capable of providing one or more of the above functions, only Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs) provide all of them. In fact, in the authors laboratory it was studies into inherently conducting polymers that led us to the concept of Intelligent Polymer Systems as reviewed recently [1,2]. 

Inherently Conducting Polymers 6. Energy Conversion/Storage... 

Inherently conducting polymers have also been used in polymer battery fabrication and an all-polymer battery structure has been developed [101a]. A specific charge capacity of 22 mAhg and a cell potential of 0.4 V were obtained. The cells showed no loss in capacity when cycled 100 times. Others have utilised conducting polymers as just one of the electrodes in a battery set-up [101b]. 

The ability to provide more processable inherently conducting polymers, as described above, enables new approaches to device fabrication, including ink jet printing [153] and screen printing [154]. Photolithography has also been used to produce ICP patterns [155-157], while spin coating has been used to produce thin, even films [158]. 

The discovery of inherently conducting polymers also provided a class of materials that would feed the imagination of Scientists and Engineers in pursuit of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. No other class of materials possess the inherent properties necessary to function as sensors, information processors and actuators, as well as the possibility of providing an energy conversion system. 

There is no doubt that as we develop an understanding of how best to assemble and integrate inherently conducting polymers with other structures, while retaining their functionality, then real intelligent material systems will emerge in the new millennium. 

Aldissi, M. Inherently Conducting Polymers— Processing, Fabrication, Applications, Limitations Noyes Data Corporation Park Ridge, NJ, 1989. 

FIGURE 1.2 The three discoverers of polyacetylene, the first inherently conducting polymer Alan Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa. 

The direct incorporation of biological dopants into inherently conducting polymers is providing a number of new opportunities in areas such as biosensors, bioreactors, and novel surfaces for cell culturing (see Chapter 1). For example, oligonucleotides have been incorporated directly as dopants,63 as has salmon sperm DNA64 and even intact red blood cells.65... 

An interesting option in terms of dopants is to incorporate an inherently conducting polymer such as a sulfonated polyaniline (PMAS Figure 2.8) as the molecular dopant. An interesting electrically conducting hydrogel (>90% [w/w] H20) with multiple electrochemical switches is the result.66... 

Rapid advances in synthetic polymer science and nanotechnology have revealed new avenues of development in conductive electroactive polymers that take greater advantage of this versatile class of materials unique properties This third edition of Conductive Electroactive Polymers Intelligent Polymer Systems continues to provide an in-depth understanding of how to engineer dynamic properties in inherently conducting polymers from the molecular level. 

Dr. Wallace received the inaugural Polymer Science and Technology Award from the Royal Australian Chemical Institute in 1992. He was awarded an ETS Walton Fellowship by Science Foundation Ireland in 2003, and received the RACI Stokes Medal for research in electrochemistry in 2004. Professor Wallace has published more than 400 refereed publications and a monograph (two editions) on inherently conducting polymers for intelligent material systems. He has supervised 50 Ph.D. students to completion. 

M. Aldissi, 1987, Recent Advances in Inherently Conducting Polymers and Multicomponent Systems , Journal of Materials Education 9 333. 

Inherently conductive polymers are also being used as coatings on other polymers, as well as on electronics themselves. One such material, produced by Ormecon Chemie GmbH Co. of Ammersbek, Germany, uses a dispersion of polyaniline. Another material, being developed by Bayer AG of Leverkusen, Germany, is based on polythiophene. A polythiophene coating for sheet and film applies the conductive polymer in a dispersion in polyurethane [2]. 

Textile-based strain sensors have been demonstrated using stretch fabrics modified with inherently conductive polymers (Rovira et al., 2011) or carbon-loaded mbbers (Tognetti et al., 2005). Knitting with conductive yams is another approach to creating... 

The interest on the part of industry in inherently conductive polymers is great because of the possibilities that lie in the workable qualities and light weights of polymer materials. The principal interest is, however, in their potential use for rapid, low-cost processing using film-forming polymer solutions. 

Aldissi, M. 1989. Inherently Conducting Polymers, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New Jersey. 

Allan, J. 1993. The molecular binding of inherently conducting polymers to thermoplastic substrates. M.S. thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, SC. 

ADVANCED POLYMER COURSES 536 Main Street, Unit 1, Falmouth MA 02540, (508) 540-9587. Inherently Conductive Polymers. 

R. Dimeska, P.S. Murray, S.F. Ralph, and G.G. Wallace, Electroless recovery of silver by inherently conducting polymer powders, membranes and composite materials. Polymer, 47, 4520-4530 (2006). 

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