Immunization intraperitoneal

B ALB/c mice are immunized intraperitoneally over the course of 3 mo with progressively higher doses (1, 3, and 10 pg) of pure, biologically active DT emulsified in 0.25 mL complete Freund s adjuvant. 

Initial studies in animals have also shown that diesel exhaust particles have an adjuvant effeet on IgE produetion. Mice immunized intraperitoneally with ovalbumin mixed with DEP had increased antigen-specific IgE antibody compared with miee that received ovalbumin alone (88). When antigen and DEP were administered into the nostrils of mice, antigen-specific IgE in the serum was dramatically enhanced compared with levels in control mice receiving ovalbumin alone (89). In a similar fashion, intratracheal instillation of DEP and ovalbumin enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and IL-4 production in the mediastinal lymph nodes 4-17 times control levels, and this effect was associated with increased serum IgE antibody (90). In a study from our laboratory. Brown Norway rats. 

The LD p of pal oxin in female Swiss Albino mice 24 hours following intra-peritoneal injection is 5 x 10 mg/kg (5). The immune sera also neutralized palytoxin s lethal effects. As shown in Figure 3, 11/12 mice were killed by palytoxin (1 X 10 mg/kg), whereas 0/12 and 0/11 mice were killed by palytoxin when injected intraperitoneally in the presence of the immune serum. None of the protected mice showed any signs of distress. 

A limited study in animals also presents evidence for increased susceptibility to Streptococcus zooepidomicus (Aran d et al. 1986). Immune system effects observed in mice exposed orally to trichloroethylene included inhibition of cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and inhibition of antibody-mediated immunity (Sanders et al. 1982). Female mice appeared to be more sensitive than male mice. A study in which a susceptible strain of mice was treated with intraperitoneal injections of trichloroethylene suggests that trichloroethylene can accelerate the autoimmune response (Khan et al. 1995). The immune system may be a sensitive end point for toxic effects from low-level exposure to trichloroethylene however, no firm conclusions can be drawn from the available information. Additional human and animal studies are needed to better characterize this end point and determine the potential for immunological effects for people exposed to trichloroethylene at hazardous waste sites. 

Mouse 28 d (Swiss- 7 d/wk Webster) 24 hr/d 1.6 (decreased spleen and thymus weight, decreased leukocyte count, decrease in antibody titer following intraperitoneal immunization decreased splenic antibody forming cells) Hillam and Ozkan 1986 Pb(N03)2... 

The effects of acute- and intermediate-duration inhalation lead exposure on local and systemic immune function following intratracheal, intraperitoneal, or intravenous immunization were studied in mice continuously exposed to lead nitrate for 14 or 28 days (Hillam and Ozkan 1986). Several parameters of local and systemic immune function were measured in the immunized, lead-exposed mice. Lead content... 

Hillam RP, Ozkan AN. 1986. Comparison of local and systemic immunity after intratracheal, intraperitoneal, and intravenous immunization of mice exposed to either aerosolized or ingested lead. Environ Res 39 265-277. 

Systemic targeting of pDNA and siRNA polyplexes has been demonstrated in several animal models. In continuation of the work with localized antiproliferative and immunostimulatory poly(I C) RNA, intravenous systemic delivery of EGER-targeted PEG-modified polyplexes were successfully used for human carcinoma treatment in mice [225]. The therapeutic effect was most pronounced when intravenous delivery of poly(I C) polyplexes was followed by intraperitoneal injection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells [226]. This induced the complete cure of SCID mice with pre-established disseminated EGFR-overexpressing tumors, without adverse toxic effects. Due to the chemokines produced by the internalized poly (I C) in the tumor cells, the immune cells home to the tumors of the treated animal and contribute to the tumor destruction. 

Wigdorovitz et al. [39] used a TMV expression vector to produce VP1, the 26-kDa structural protein from FMDV, and tested it in mice. Mice injected intraperitoneally with leaf extracts prepared from infected plants mounted an antibody response against the plant-derived protein. All immunized mice were protected when challenged with virulent FMDV. One-year old calves immunized with plant extracts containing VP1 also developed FMDV-specific antibody responses. 

Fig. 8.10 Titers of antibodies at day 50 induced by plant-derived CTB-2L21 recombinant protein. Balb/c mice were intraperitoneally immunized with leaf extract from CTB-2L21 transgenic plants. Animals were boosted at days 21 and 35. Each mouse received 20 pg of CTB-2L21 recombinant protein. Individual samples of mouse serum were titrated against 2L21 synthetic peptide,VP2 protein and a control peptide (amino acids 122-135 of hepatitis B virus surface antigen). Titers were expressed as the highest serum dilution to yield twice the absorbance mean of preimmune sera. M1-M6 mice 1 to 6 2L21 epitope from the VP2 protein of the canine parvovirus CTB cholera toxin B VP2 protein of the canine parvovirus that includes the 2L21 epitope.

To examine the influence of different routes of administration of lipospheres on their immunogenicity, rabbits were immunized orally or parenterally (by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and intravenous routes) with lipospheres made of tristearin and lecithin (1 1 molar ratio) and containing the malaria antigen. The immune response obtained was followed with time for a period of 12 weeks postimmunization. 

FIGURE 7.7 (See color insert) Adoptively transferred D011.10 transgenicT cells can be identified by expression of CD4+ and KJ-126 in spleen cell suspension from Balb/c mice after ovalbumin (OVA) immunization. Balb/c mice were injected iv with D011.10 spleen cells containing 3-5 x 1 06CD4+KJ-126+ cells and immunized by intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg OVA emulsified in complete Freund s adjuvant 2 days later. OVA immunization increases the frequency of KJ+T cells and alters the expression of various surface molecules consistent with T cell (Tc) activation. 

The immune system of the mouse may also be susceptible to the effects of acute oral exposures to di-/ -octylphthalate (Dogra et al. 1989). Three-month-old Swiss albino mice were exposed to di-n-octylphthalate by gavage for 5 days at 0, 650, or 2,600 mg/kg/day (acute LD50 was 13,000 mg/kg). Mice were subsequently exposed by intraperitoneal injection to either encephalomyocarditis virus or the malarial protozoan, Plasmodium berghei. Maximum mortality levels were reached 8-10 days after viral infection and were 20% (0 mg/kg/day), 40% (650 mg/kg/day), and 70% (2,600 mg/kg/day). Malarial lethality reached plateau levels 4-11 days postinfection of approximately 20% (0 mg/kg/day), 25% (650 mg/kg/day), and 70% (2,600 mg/kg/day), then increased to 55%, 70%, and 85%, respectively, by postinfection day 19. Respective mean survival times were calculated to be 13.50, 12.15, and 6.25 days. During the first 14 days after protozoal infection, the percentage of mouse erythrocytes infected with the parasite in the high-dose... 

Animal studies have shown that the immune system is sensitive to exposure. Mice fed diets containing 50 or 5 00 ppm technical-grade pentachlorophenol showed greatly reduced immunocompetence in the form of increased susceptibility to the growth of transplanted tumors. Oral and intraperitoneal administration to animals causes adverse effects on thyroid homeostasis and on the thyroid gland. Competition for serum protein thyroxine binding sites may account for the antithyroid effects of pentachlorophenol. ... 

Immunotoxicity. No studies were located regarding the immunological effects of thorium in humans or animals following any relevant route of exposure (inhalation, oral, dermal). One report, however, showed intraperitoneal and intravenous injection of thorium dioxide in mice resulted in a suppression of the immune response. Studies on the immunotoxic effects of thorium, both histopathological and effects on the immune response, by all relevant routes of exposure in animals may determine the potential immunotoxic effects in humans. 

Quil-A saponin toxicity. Mice fed Quil-A-supplemented diet (a saponin that emulsifies fats and potentiates the immune responses) showed higher level of docosa-pentaenoic acid in the liver. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in the plasma PGEl and PGE2 and thrombohane-B2 levels in response to an intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, LDjf, 20 mg/ kg. The data suggest that sesame seed oil and Quil A, when present in the diet, exerted cumulative effects that resulted in a decrease in the levels of dienoic eicosanoids with a reduction in lL-1 P and a con-commitant elevation in the levels of lL-10 that were associated with a marked increase survival in mice . ... 

In a more recent study, Webster et al. (2006) report the expression and characterization of lettuce-derived measles vaccine. The MV-H protein expressed in lettuce was demonstrated to be immunogenic in mice following intraperitoneal injection in the absence of adjuvant in addition to intranasal inoculation in the presence of a mucosal adjuvant. The highest response was observed in mice primed first with MV-H DNA and then boosted with an oral formulation of freeze-dried MV-H lettuce in conjunction with a mucosal adjuvant. In addition to this, the type of immune response was found to depend largely on the manner in which MV-H is presented to the immune system. Secreted and soluble forms of MV-H were demonstrated to induce a Th2 type response, while membrane-bound MV-H protein was found to be associated with a Thl response. 

When jurzra-xylene-exposcd (1200 ppm [5200 mg/m ], 6 h per day for four days) C3H/HeJ mice were infected intraperitoneally with murine cytomegalovirus (10 plaqueforming units after the first xylene exposure), 34% of the mice died, while none died after either exposure alone or after a similar exposure to xylene at 600 ppm [2600 mg/m ], combined with exposure to the virus (Selgrade et al., 1993). Elevated mortality was not related to immune function or hepatic damage. 

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