Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin

Other toxins that show low lethal toxicity to laboratory test animals include lipopolysaccharide endotoxin produced as part of the cell wall by all cyanobacteria 11) and certain toxins of some cyanobacteria suspected of causing contact irritation in recreational water supplies 4,12 Carmichael and Codd, unpublished results). 

Bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) and cytokines (IL-2) are able to activate the contact system in vitro and in vivo (D9, H4, H7, M41). Immediately after severe trauma or after surgical intervention and particularly during sepsis, a reduction of plasma contact system proteins has been found (C10, K1, N9). Gel filtration studies of plasma demonstrated that plasma PK after activation becomes complexed with a2-M and Cl-Inh (W4). These complexes are rapidly eliminated from the circulation in vivo. In experimental studies in which pulmonary insufficiency was induced in dogs, a significant reduction of plasma kallikrein inhibitors was observed together with reduced HMK. Analysis of the relation be-... 

The alternative pathway may become activated by lipopolysaccharides, endotoxin (sepsis), virus, fungi, immunoglobulin A-antigen (IgA-Ag) immunocom-plexes, and foreign material. These activate C3, after which the common pathway of complement activation takes place (Fig. 4). There are also a number of inhibitors that regulate and control complement activation. The most important are the Cl-esterase inhibitor (Cl-Inh) and the membrane attack complex inhibitor factor (MACIF CD59). In sepsis a relative deficiency of Cl-Inh has been reported. Administration of Cl-Inh to patients with septic shock attenuates complement acti-... 

RIO. Rivier, C., Chizzonite, R and Vale, W., In the mouse, the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by a lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) is mediated through interleukin-1. Endocrinology 125,2800-2805 (1989). 

Raetz, C. and Whitfield, C. 2002. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annual Review of Biochemistry 71, 635-700. 

The biomedical importance of infections by gram-negative pathogens and the consequences of septic shock have drawn much attention to lipid A, the toxic subcomponent of the lipopolysaccharide endotoxin of these organisms. A comprehensive account of the chemical structures and biological behavior of the lipid A structures is presented here by Zahrihnger, Lindner, and Rietschel. The chapter incorporates much of their own work from the... 

Quil-A saponin toxicity. Mice fed Quil-A-supplemented diet (a saponin that emulsifies fats and potentiates the immune responses) showed higher level of docosa-pentaenoic acid in the liver. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in the plasma PGEl and PGE2 and thrombohane-B2 levels in response to an intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, LDjf, 20 mg/ kg. The data suggest that sesame seed oil and Quil A, when present in the diet, exerted cumulative effects that resulted in a decrease in the levels of dienoic eicosanoids with a reduction in lL-1 P and a con-commitant elevation in the levels of lL-10 that were associated with a marked increase survival in mice . ... 

For enzymes intended for parenteral use, the manufacturer must assure that the enzyme preparation is essentially pure and free of endotoxins. Electrophoretic and immunologic tests provide the requisite evidence of purity and homogeneity. Most importantly, the manufacturer must remove toxic impurities, eg, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxins) which might cause severe toxic reactions such as anaphylactic shock, fever, and vascular collapse. 

C. R. IT. Raetz Structure, biosynthesis and function of lipopolysaccharide endotoxins potent bacterial activators of innate immunity... 

Endotoxin, via cytokines, could induce marked changes in lipid metabolism [118], and HDL has been found to neutralize lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) activity in vitro and, in animals, in vivo [116, 119, 120],... 

Keywords Outer membrane Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin Lipid A LPS biosynthesis... 

Raetz, C.R., Whitfield, C. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem 71 (2002) 635-700. 

Keywords Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin Toll-like receptors Innate immunity Lipid rafts... 

Sultzer, B.M. Genetic analysis of lymphocyte activation by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Infect Immun 13 (1976) 1579-1584. 

Qureshi, N., Takayama, K., Ribi, E. Purification and structural determination of non-toxic lipid-A from lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhimurium. J Biol Chem 257 (1982) 11808-11815. Raetz, C.R., Whitfield, C. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem 71 (2002) 635-700. Reed, S.G., Bertholet, S., Coler, R.N., Friede, M. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Trends Immunol 30 (2009) 23-32. 

Note. ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, FACS = fluorescence-activated cell sorting, HPLC = high-performance liquid chromatography, IHC = immunohistochemistry, LC/MS = liquid chromatography/MS = mass spectrometry, LPS = lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), NA = not applicable, PAHA = (nonhuman) primate anti-human antibodies. 

Raetz CREI, Whitfield C. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2002 71 635-700. 

Berczi I, Bertok L, Bereznai T. 1966. Comparative studies on the toxicity a[ Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide endotoxin in various animal species. Can. J. Microbiol. 12 1070-71... 

Sonesson A., Larsson L., Schiitz A., Hagmar L. and Hallberg T. (1990) Comparison of the Limulus amebocyte lysate test and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for measuring lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) in airborne dust from poultry processing industries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 1271-78. 

---