Responses, types

In symptomatic patients, medical therapy can be tailored either to control ventricular response or to restore sinus rhythm. Nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists (e.g., verapamil) are considered first-line drug therapy for decreasing ventricular response. Type I agents (e.g., procainamide, quinidine) are only occasionally effective in restoring sinus rhythm. DCC is ineffective, and /3-blockers are usually contraindicated because of coexisting severe pulmonary disease or uncompensated HF. 

Phase Ila. Pilot clinical trials to evaluate efficacy (and safety) in selected populations of patients with the disease or condition to be treated, diagnosed, or prevented. Objectives may focus on dose-response, type of patient, frequency of dosing, or numerous other characteristics of safety and efficacy. 

Note Conventional safety pharmacology studies can reasonably be expected to predict "Type A" ADRs. Functional toxicological measurements may predict "Type C" ADRs. Conventional toxicology studies address "Type D" ADRs. Prediction of "Type B" responses requires a more extensive non-clinical and clinical evaluation, often only addressing risk factors for the idiosyncratic response. "Type E" ADRs are rarely investigated non-clinically using functional measurements unless there is cause for concern. 

The risk of rechallenge has to be very carefully considered. Its use will depend on the severity of the reaction, availability of a specific antidote, ease and speed of reversing the effect and the subject s willingness to be exposed for a second time. RechaUenge is not infrequently imdertaken in Phase I studies when an exaggerated response (Type A reaction) occurs and a smaller dose can... 

Research began as an investigation of electrically induced ionic adsorption on porous "inert" electrodes. Electrode pairs based on carbon have been developed which will demineralize saline water at low voltage, and can be regenerated upon reversal of polarity. Various carbon electrodes have been conveniently classified into cation- and anion-responsive types. As received carbons are normally cation-responsive, but anion-responsive types have been made by chemical treatment. Laboratory demineralization cells based on this principle have been constructed and operated. Owing primarily to the low cost of basic construction materials, the process shows great promise for the economical conversion of saline waters. 

Common, non-prescription substances such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol often cause sleeping difficulties [41]. In addition, a number of prescribed medications and illegal substances can cause insomnia, depending on factors such as amount used, time of usage, and individual response. Types of drugs that can cause insomnia include energizing antidepressants, anti-hypertensives, bronchodilators, diuretics, beta-blockers, and corticosteroids. 

Baltensweiler W. and Priesner E. (1988) A study of pheromone polymorphism in Zeiraphera diniana Gn. (Lep., Tortricidae) 3. Specificity of attraction to synthetic pheromone sources by different male response types from two host races. J. Appl. Entomol. 106, 217-231. 

In single-species risk prediction for individual toxicants and toxicant mixtures, the effect is expressed as the proportion of an exposed population that is likely to be somehow affected by toxic action (quantal responses), or as a reduction in performance parameters such as growth, clutch size, and juvenile period (continuous responses). Both concentration addition- and response addition-based methods are commonly applied for both response types. Assemblage-level risk prediction has only been introduced more recently (e.g., De Zwart and Posthuma 2005) and is founded on similar principles while focusing on the fraction of species that are likely affected by mixture exposure. 

Brozoski et al. (1979) performed a landmark study on the role of PFC DA in working memory function in monkeys. These investigators used a delayed response type procedure to show that 6-OHDA-induced depletion of DA in the principal sulcus of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in macaques produced an impairment as profound as ablation by aspiration of the region itself. In contrast, depletion of either noradrenaline or 5-HT in the prefrontal cortex had little effect. Convincing evidence for a specific role of DA came from... 

It is worth mentioning that in death receptor-mediated apoptosis, cells can be divided into two groups depending on the requirement for mitochondria to induce a complete apoptotic response. Type I cells do not require the mitochondrial pathway because the recruitment of procaspase-8 into the DISC complex is enough to fully activate caspase-8 which then activates effector caspases. However, Type II cells are characterized by an incomplete apoptotic response unless mitochondria are involved (Scaffidi et al., 1999). In this type of cell, efficient activation of effector caspases requires the mitochondrial amplification loop (Fig. 5). Caspase-8 cleaves cytosolic Bid, a BH3-only protein, which when cleaved to tBid is able to translocate to the mitochondria and trigger release of the proapoptotic factors cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO (Li et al., 1998 Deng et al., 2002). The release of cytochrome c triggers apoptosome formation, subsequent caspase-9 activation, and finally the activation of effector caspases such as caspase-3. 

The nonlinear dynamic gasifier model produced a wide variety of transient response types when subjected to step changes in operating conditions. However, stepping the inlet gas (blast) temperature up and down by as much as 55.6 C (100 F) only gave steady state convergent responses. Varying the feed coal moisture... 

The package GREGPLUS, included in Athena Visual Studio, tests user-provided models against data on one or more observed response types and assists sequential planning of experiments. Nonlinear and overparameterized models are handled directly. The following types of information can... 

Immune responses can be divided into type 1 and type 2, based on the pattern of cytokine secretion and functional outcome of the immune response. Type 1 immune responses are characterized by secretion of IFN-gamma, production of IgG2a in mice, and activation of macrophages, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-cells. Type 2 responses are characterized by secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and by IgGl and IgE production. The responses are reciprocally regulated. How the polarization of the immune response toward type 1 or type 2 is determined is not exactly understood. IL-12 is an important factor that drives the type 1 response, and IL-4 is implicated in the type 2 response. Microbial products such as LPS and bacterial DNA stimulate the secretion of IL-12 by dendritic cells and preferentially induce type 1 immune responses. 

Response type Internal Std (Ref 2). Area (IS Cone. / IS Area)... 

The RTD for a given reactor and flow rate can be established from response-type experiments. In these experiments the concentration of an inert tracer is disturbed in the feed stream and its effect on the effluent stream is measured. The three most common perturbations are a step function, a pulse (square wave), and a sinusoidal wave. The relationships between the observed concentration-vs-time curves and the RTD are examined here for step functions and pulses. The analysis of sinusoidal perturbations is more complex but is available in the literature. ... 

In acute slices, a mixed response, which consists of fast a7-like and slow components, has been described in interneurons of the stratum oriens (36%of all interneurons). The slow response is sensitive to mecamylamine (I/aM) and to a certain extent to dihydro-/3-erythroi-dine (100 nM), but resistant to the o 3j32 antagonist a-conotoxinMII (200nM). In its moderate sensitivity to dihydro-jS-erythroidine, this response may resemble more o 3j34-like responses (type III) than o 4j82 type II responses (218), although it has been suggested... 

Perturbation Response Type of transfer function (units)... 

Response Type of descriptors Statistical method R2 N,r Nte References... 

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