Diesel exhausts particles

The electrical low-pressure impactor was used to measure the number concentrations of diesel exhaust particles. The particle size distribution ranges from 30 nm upward were then determined using the aerodynamic diameter as the characteristic dimension. ... 

Nakagawa R, S Kitamori, K Horikawa, K Nakashima, H Tokiwa (1983) Identification of dinitropyrenes in diesel-exhaust particles. Their probable presence as the major mutagens. Mutation Res 124 201-211. 

Moreover, the increasing industrial demand for low-aromatic diesel fuels [2] stimulated by the discovery that diesel exhaust particles generate various respiratory allergies, contributes to developing this area of research area [3-5]. 

Kanemitsu, H., et al., Complement activation by diesel exhaust particles (DEP), Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 2, 129, 1998. 

Ohtani, T., et al., Cellular Basis of the Role of Diesel Exhaust Particles in Inducing Th2-Dominant Response, J. Immunol. 174, 2412, 2005. 

Steerenberg, P., et al., Sensitivity to ozone, diesel exhaust particles, and standardized ambient particulate matter in rats with a listeria monocytogenes-induced respiratory infection, Inhal. Toxicol. 16, 5, 311, 2004. 

Diaz-Sanchez, D., Penichet-Garcia, M., and Saxon, A., Diesel exhaust particles directly induce activated mast cells to degranulate and increase histamine levels and symptom severity, J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 106, 6, 1140, 2000. 

Diaz-Sanchez, D., et al., Diesel exhaust particles induce local IgE production in vivo and alter the pattern of IgE messenger RNA isoforms, J. Clin. Invest., 94, 1417, 1994. 

A study investigating the consequences of diesel exhaust particles in human airway epithelial cells also concluded that any effects of these particles occurred after their endocytosis. However, organic components rather than the metals on the surface of the particles were considered to be responsible for subsequent events. Thus, treatment with the iron chelator desferrioxamine had no inhibitory effect on the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-8,... 

Boland, S., Bonvallot, V., Fournier, T., Baeza-Squiban, A., Aubier, M. and Marano, F. (2000). Mechanisms of GM-CSF increase by diesel exhaust particles in human airway epithelial cells, Am. J. Physiol., 278, L25-L32. 

Steerenberg PA, Zonnenberg JA, Dormans JA, Joon PN, Wouters IM, van Bree L, Scheepers PT, Van Loveren H (1998) Diesel exhaust particles induced release of interleukin 6 and 8 by (primed) human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS 2B) in vitro. Exp Lung Res 24(1 ) 85—100. 

Sagai M, Saito H, Ichinose T, et al. 1993. Biological effects of diesel exhaust particles I. In vitro production of superoxide and in vivo toxicity in mouse. Free Radic Biol Med 14(l) 37-47. 

The physical and chemical complexity of primary combustion-generated POM is illustrated in Fig. 10.1 (Johnson et al., 1994), a schematic diagram of a diesel exhaust particle and associated copollutants. The gas-phase regime contains volatile (2-ring) PAHs and a fraction of the semivolatile (3- and 4-ring) PAHs. The particle-phase contains the remainder of the semivolatile PAHs ( particle-associated ) along with the 5- and 6-ring heavy PAHs adsorbed/absorbed to the surface of the elemental carbon spheres that constitute the backbone of the overall diesel soot particle. Also present is sulfate formed from oxidation of sulfur present in the diesel fuel and gas- and particle-phase PACs. 

Baumgard, K. J., and J. H. Johnson, The Effect of Fuel and Engine Design on Diesel Exhaust Particle Size Distributions, SAE 960131, Special Publication 1140, p. 37, 1996. 

Salmeen, I. T., R. A. Gorse, Jr., and W. R. Pierson, Ames Assay Chromatograms of Extracts of Diesel Exhaust Particles from Heavy-Duty Trucks on the Road and from Passenger Cars on a Dynamometer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 270-273 (1985). 

Various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyl arenas, polycyclic nitro-aromatics, aza arenes, N-nitroso compounds, and other carcinogens have been detected in ambient air (Hughes et al, 1980 Kneip et al, 1983 Spiegelhalder and Preussman, 1983). Diesel exhaust particles... 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 3 Label None SAFETY PROFILE Mildly toxic by ingestion. A moderate skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. See also DIESEL EXHAUST, DIESEL EXHAUST EXTRACT, DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES, DIESEL FUEL MARINE. 

Block ML, Wu X, Pei Z, Li G, Wang T, Qin L, Wilson B, Yang J, Hong JS, Veronesi B (2004) Nanometer size diesel exhaust particles are selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons The role of microglia, phagocytosis, and NADPH oxidase. FASEB J 18 1618-1620. 

Particulates are another source of respiratory irritation when inhaled. In urban environments, diesel exhaust particles and fly ash residue from power plant oil combustion are the main contributors of respirable particulates of less than 10 pm diameter (PM 10). These contain mixtures of lipo-philes and hydrophiles including various metals, acid salts, aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, quinones, nitroaromatic hydrocarbons, andaldehydes. 151 Diesel combustion particulates contain large surface areas that can adsorb large quantities of organic compounds and deliver these to respiratory tract tissue. Other inhaled particulates can adhere to lung surfaces and adsorb and bond other vapors that are inhaled, thereby increasing their toxicities. PM2.5 particulates (those with diameters of less than 2.5 pm) that reach the lower respiratory tract as far as the alveoli are more toxic than PM 10 particulates of the same composition. 16 ... 

Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are composed of carbon black and adhered lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds that include approximately 18,000 different high molecular weight organic compounds, composed of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic... 

Mazzarella G, Ferraraccio F, Prati MV, et al. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on human lung epithelial cells An in vitro study. Respir Med 2007 101(6) 1155 62. 

Muranaka M, Suzuki S, Koizumi K, et al. Adjuvant activity of diesel-exhaust particles for the production of IgE antibody in mice. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 1986 77 616-23. 

Diaz-Sanchez D. The role of diesel exhaust particles and their associated polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the induction of allergic airway disease. Allergy 1997 52(Suppl 38) 52-6. 

Kizu R, Okamura K, Toriba A, et al. Antiandrogenic activities of diesel exhaust particle extracts in PC3/AR human prostate carcinoma cells. Toxicol Scl 2003 76(2) 299-309. 

A recent study has provided insight into the association of ambient air pollution with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this study, when human microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to a combination of ultrafine diesel exhaust particles and oxidized lipid components, a synergistic effect on the expression profiles of several gene modules that correspond to pathways relevant to inflammatory pathways such as atherosclerosis was observedJ57l The implications of this study include a greatly increased risk of heart disease in those with high cholesterol who breathe polluted air. 

Lehmann AD, Blank F, Baum O et al (2009) Diesel exhaust particles modulate the tight junction protein occludin in lung cells in vitro. Part Fibre Toxicol 6 26... 

Holder AL, Lucas D, Goth-Goldstein R, Koshland CP (2008) Cellular response to diesel exhaust particles sttongly depends on the exposure method. Toxicol Sci 103(1) 108-115... 

Motor vehicle traffic has increased greatly during the last decades and its role in the development of asthma has been considered [315(NC)]. A positive association between self-reported truck traffic in the street of residence and reported asthma symptoms in adolescents was observed in German cities [44(111), 325(111), 326(111)]. There were similar findings in The Netherlands. Diesel exhaust may have a particularly strong effect [327(111), 328(111), 329(NC)]. In vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of diesel exhaust particles have shown increased IgE production [330(NC)] and nasal hypersensitivity [33iaib)]. 

Peterson B, Saxon A Global increases in allergic respiratory disease The possible role of diesel exhaust particles. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996 77 263-8 quiz 269-270. 

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