Mediastinal lymph nodes

Figure 13.1 (a) and (b) showing an endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-FNA biopsy of an enlarged mediastinal lymph node from a 63-year-old male with a left lower lobe lung mass and a remote history of melanoma. (See text for full caption). 

After intratracheal instillation of nickel chloride or nickel sulphate in rats, a modest inflammatory response with increased number of macrophages and polynuclear leucocytes was obtained, together with increased activities of lactate dehydrogenase and -glucuronidase in bronchoalveolar fluid [351]. More severe lesions were characterized by type II cell hyperplasia with epithelialization of alveoli, and in some animals, fibroplasia of the pulmonary interstitium. By inhalation in rats, the nickel salts produced chronic inflammation and degeneration of the bronchiolar epithelium [352, 353]. There was also atrophy of the olfactory epithelium and hyperplasia of the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes. Nickel sulphate also produced a low incidence of emphysema and fibrosis [353]. 

Martini N, Flehinger B J, Zaman MB, et al. Results of resection in non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung with mediastinal lymph node metastases. Ann Surg 1983 198 386-397. 

Sawyer TE, Bonner JA, Gould PM, et al. The impact of surgical adjuvant thoracic radiation therapy for patients with nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma with ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node involvement. Cancer 1997 80 1399-1408. 

Atrophy of lymphoid organs (spleen and thymus) and lymphoid hyperplasia in bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes were observed in rats and mice exposed 6 hours/day for 12 of 16 days to 1.6 mg nickel/m as nickel sulfate, 3.6 mg nickel/id as nickel subsulfide, and 23.6 mg nickel as nickel oxide (Benson et al. 1987, 1988 Dunnick et al. 1988). The atrophy of the lymphoid organs was considered secondary to the decrease in body weight (Benson et al. 1987, 1988 Dunnick et al. 1988). According to the series of 16-day and 13-week studies by Haley et al. (1990), Benson et al. (1987,... 

J.F. Vansteenkiste, S.G. Stroobants, P.R. De Leyn, P.J. Dupont, J.A. Verschakelen, K.L. Nackaerts, L.A. Mortelmans, Mediastinal lymph node staging with FDG-PET scan in patients with potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer A prospective analysis of 50 cases. Leuven Lung Cancer Group, Chest 112(6) (1997) 1480-1486. 

T. Hara, K. Inagaki, N. Kosaka, T. Morita, Sensitive detection of mediastinal lymph node metastasis of lung cancer with IlC-choline PET, J. Nucl. Med. 41(9) (2000) 1507-1513. 

Ichiki K, Mitani N, Doki Y, Hara H, Misaki T, Saiki I. 2000. Regulation of activator protein-1 activity in the mediastinal lymph node metastasis of lung cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 18 539-545. 

Sampson C, Hansell DM. 1992. The pievalenee of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes in asbestos-exposed individuals a CT study. Clin Radiol 45(5) 340-342. 

The safety and efficacy of infliximab have been assessed in 40 patients with severe active spondylarthropathy in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (43). One 65-year-old patient improved but 3 weeks after the third infusion developed a systemic illness. He had enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and nodular lesion of the liver and spleen. Biopsy of the mediastinal lymph nodes showed tuberculosis, which was confirmed by culture. He was treated and recovered slowly. 

In inhalation studies on 2-butoxyethanol in animals, splenic effects consisted of increased spleen weight in pregnant rats at 200 ppm for 6 hours per day during gestation (Tyl et al. 1984). However, histological examination of the spleen, mediastinal lymph nodes, and thymus revealed no lesions in rats exposed intermittently to 77 ppm for 13 weeks (Dodd et al. 1983). 

FUJIMAKI, H NOHARA, O., ICHINOSE, T WATANABE, N. SAITO, S. (1994) IL-4 production in mediastinal lymph node cells in mice intratracheally instilled with diesel exhaust particulates and antigen. Toxicology, 92, 261-268. 

Brooks JSJ, LiVolsi VA, Pietra GG. Mesothelial cell inclusions in mediastinal lymph nodes mimicking metastatic carcinoma. Am J... 

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