Oral immunization

Aoki, I., Itoh, S., Yokota, S., Tanaka, S.I., Ishii, N., Okuda, K., Minami, M. and Klinman, D.M. (1999) Contribution of mast cells to the T helper 2 response induced by simultaneous subcutaneous and oral immunization. Immunology 98, 519-524. 

Enterotoxigenic E. coli B subunits of the heat labile toxin (LTB) Tomato fruit and leaf Offspring were passively immunized through oral immunization of parents. 91... 

Rotavirus enterotoxin protein NSP4 fused to CTB Potato Fusion proteins assembled into cholera holo-toxin-like structures that retained enterocyte-binding affinity Orally immunized mice generated levels of serum and mucosal antibodies specific for the native antigen. Induced TH1 immune response. 63,64... 

Although the lipospheres seem to fit very well in vaccine formulations provided by injection or by oral intake, apparently not much has been published in this field since our last review [12], This chapter is an update of the that review, with an emphasis on the possible use of lipospheres for oral immunization. 

No antibody activity was found after oral immunization in any of the individual rabbits immunized with liposphere R32NS 1-vaccine formulation. However, rabbit immunization by all parenteral routes tested resulted in enhanced immunogenicity, with increased antibody IgG levels over the entire postimmunization period. The individual rabbit immune response shows that immunization by subcutaneous injection was the most effective vaccination route among all parenteral routes of administration tested. 

Bessler WG, et al. Bacterial lipopeptides constitute efficient novel immunogens and adjuvants in parenteral and oral immunization. Behring Inst Mitt 1997 98 390. 

Gao Y, Ma Y, Li M, Cheng T, Li S-W, Zhang J, Xia N-S. (2003) Oral immunization of animals with transgenic cherry tomatillo expressing HBsAg. World J Gastroenterol 9 996-1002. 

NT074 Haq, T. A., H. S. Mason, J. D. Clements, and C. J. Arntzen. Oral immunization with a recombinant bacterial antigen produced in trans-... 

In 1990, the first plant-made vaccines were performed via expression of Streptococcus mutans surface protein A in transgenic tobacco, followed by oral immunization of mice with the same plant material (Fischer and Emans, 2000). This transgenic plant material was later shown to successfully induce an antibody response through a demonstration that serum from immunized mice could react with intact S. mutans. Plants were also developed that expressed Escherichia coli enterotoxin B subunit (LT-B) and that exhibited successful inducement of both mucosal and serum antibody responses (Tacket, 2005). These initial experiments led to a cornucopia of studies involving generations of plant-made vaccines and therapeutic proteins and their applications in medicine. 

A more recent study involved transgenic Stylosanthes guianensis expressing VPl. Mice were orally immunized by providing the transgenic plant tissue in the form of a desiccated powder to their feed. Mice fed in this... 

Chen, H.L., Chang, M.H., Chiang, B.L., and Jong, S.T. (2006). Oral immunization of mice using transgenic tomato fruit expressing VPl protein from enterovirus 71. Vaccine 24(15) 2944-2951. 

Martin-Alonso, J.M., Castanon, S., Alonso, R, Parra, E, and Ordas, R. (2003). Oral immunization nsing tuber extracts from transgenic potato plants expressing rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein. Transgenic Res. 12 127-130. 

Wang, D.M., Zhu, J.B. Reng, M., and Zhou, R. (2008). Induction of a protective antibody response to FMDV in mice following oral immunization with transgenic Stylosanthes spp. as a feedstuff additive. Transgenic Res. (Epub ahead of print). 

Wu, J., Yu, L., Long, L., Hu, J., Zhou, J., and Zhou, X. (2007). Oral immunization with transgenic rice seeds expressing VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus induces protective immune responses in chickens. Plant Biotechnol. J. 5(5) 570-578. 

Zhang, X., Buehner, N.A., Hutson, A.M., Estes, M.K., and Mason, H.S. (2006). Tomato is a highly effective vehicle for expression and oral immunization with Norwalk virus capsid protein. Plant Biotechnol J. 4(4) 419 32. 

Sandhu, J.S., Krasnyanski, S.F., Domier, L.L., Korban, S.S., Osadjan, M.D., and Buetow, D.E. (2000). Oral immunization of mice with transgenic tomato fruit expressing respiratory syncytial virus-F protein induces a systemic immune response. Transgenic Res. 9(2) 127-135. 

Kong, Q., L. Richter, Y.F. Yang, C.J. Arntzen, H.S. Mason, and Y. Thanavala, Oral immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in transgenic plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001. 98(20) 11539-44. 

Swarbrick T, Stokes CR, Soothill JF Absorption of antigens after oral immunization and the simultaneous induction of specific systemic tolerance. Gut 1979 20 121-125. 

Ann Clark M, Blair H, Liang L, Brey RN, Brayden D, Hirst BH (2001) Targeting polymerised liposome vaccine carriers to intestinal M cells. Vaccine 20(1-2) 208-217 Avtushenko SS, Sorokin EM, Zoschenkova NY, Naichin AN (1996) Clinical and immunological characteristics of the emulsion form of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by oral immunization. J Biotechnol 44(1-3) 21-28 Aziz MA, Midha S, Waheed SM, Bhatnagar R (2007) Oral vaccines new needs, new possibilities. Bioessays 29(6) 591-604... 

Haq TA, Mason HS, Clements JD, Arntzen CJ (1995) Oral Immunization with a Recombinant Bacterial-Antigen Produced in Transgenic Plants. Science 268(5211) 714-716 Hewitt MC, Seeberger PH (2001) Solution and solid-support synthesis of a potential leishmaniasis carbohydrate vaccine. J Org Chem 66(12) 4233 4243 Hillery AM, Florence AT (1996) The effect of adsorbed poloxamer 188 and 407 surfactants on the intestinal uptake of 60-nm polystyrene particles after oral administration in the rat. Int JPharm 132(1-2) 123-130... 

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