Diets Supplement

Gelatin can be a source of essential amino acids when used as a diet supplement and therapeutic agent. As such, it has been widely used in muscular disorders, peptic ulcers, and infant feeding, and to spur nail growth. Gelatin is not a complete protein for mammalian nutrition, however, since it is lacking in the essential amino acid tryptophan [73-22-3] and is deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. 

Selenium plays a dual role in a living organism, depending on the compound and the amount adsorbed. Controlled small doses of some compounds are used in medicine and as diet supplements, for example, ca 0.1 ppm of diet dry matter for Hvestock (see Feed additives Mineral nutrients). Larger amounts can be toxic. 

Stevioside and rebaudioside A are diterpene glycosides. The sweetness is tainted with a bitter and undesirable aftertaste. The time—intensity profile is characteristic of naturally occurring sweeteners slow onset but lingering. The aglycone moiety, steviol [471 -80-7] (10), which is the principal metaboHte, has been reported to be mutagenic (79). Wide use of stevia ia Japan for over 20 years did not produce any known deleterious side effects. However, because no food additive petition has been presented to the FDA, stevioside and related materials caimot be used ia the United States. An import alert against stevia was issued by the FDA ia 1991. In 1995, however, the FDA revised this import alert to allow the importation and use of stevia as a diet supplement (80), but not as a sweetener or an ingredient for foods. Several comprehensive reviews of stevia are available (81,82). 

Nutrients and diet supplements without claims of therapeutic effects are considered foods, and are thus regulated by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration. These are further subject to specific food regulations. Specifications for pyridoxine hydrochloride (7) for foods are given in the Food Chemicals Codex (80) and for pharmaceuticals in the US. Pharmacopeia (81). General test methods have been summarized (82). 

One control cycle (control diet) then one cycle on diet supplemented with 60 g Arcon F (n = 5)... 

Normal ad libitum diet supplemented with 38 g soya protein/day (38 mg/day genistein) for 6 months Postmenopausal women (n = 6)... 

Diet supplemented with 40 g linseed/day (27mg/day secoisolariciresinol) for 6 weeks... 

Intervention trials confirmed this protective role of lycopene on prostate cancer risk. Three primary intervention studies evaluated the effect of lycopene supplementation on prostate cancer risk or on certain risk markers such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) plasma concentration or oxidative alterations of leucocyte DNA. - All showed increases of plasma and prostate lycopene levels after diet supplementation with lycopene and inverse correlations between tumor incidence and risk biomarkers. 

The use of antibiotics, copper diet supplements and probiotics for growth promotion is prohibited. 

Deknudt G, Gerber GB. 1979. Chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells of mice given a normal or a calcium-deficient diet supplemented with various heavy metals. Mut Res 68 163-168. 

Jin L.Z., Ho Y.W., Abdullah N. and Jalaludin S. (2000). Digestive and bacterial enzyme activities in broilers fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus cultures . Poult Sci, 79, 886-891. 

With the high prevalence and steady increase in overweight and obesity in the United States comes a steady increase in the use of various diet supplements, including both nonprescription and prescription diet pills. 

Leontowicz M, Leontowicz H, Jastrzebski Z, Jesion I, Haruenkit R, Poovarodom S, Katrich E, Tashma Z, Drzewiecki J, Trakhtenberg S and Gorinstein S. 2007. The nutritional and metabolic indices in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets supplemented with durian at different stages of ripening. BioFactors 29(2-3) 123-136. 

In turkeys, natural diets with as much as 800 mg Cu/kg ration have no adverse effects on growth or survival. But purified diets are toxic to turkeys in three weeks, and purified diets that contain as little as 50 mg Cu/kg ration produce adverse effects (Waibel et al. 1964). Turkeys fed purified diets with supplemented copper show a dose-dependent increase in mortality and decrease in growth these effects are attributed to a copper-accelerated dietary deterioration (Supplee 1964). Turkey growth and survival are acceptable when fed purified diets supplemented with as much as 800 mg Cu/kg ration provided that effective levels of added antioxidant (0.02% ethoxyquin) and stabilized sources of Vitamins A and D are present (Supplee 1964). 

Chicks fed diets supplemented with 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg ration for 4 weeks... 

Week-old poults fed a purified corn starch, isolated soy protein diet supplemented with 50 to 800 mg/kg ration for 3 weeks Dose-dependent increase in mortality and decrease in growth 10... 

Fed diets supplemented with 238-250 mg/kg ration, as copper sulfate, from age 3 weeks for 9 months High mortality, usually between age 14 and 20 weeks. Dead pigs had 1300 mg/kg DW in liver and 95 mg/kg in liver survivors had as much as 2100 mg/kg DW liver, 670 mg/kg DW kidney, and 3.3 mg/L serum 26... 

Dairy cows fed control diet (310 mg Zn/kg DW feed) or control diet supplemented with 1000 or 2000 mg Zn/kg DW ration (as ZnS04 H20)... 

Stahl, J.L., M.E. Cook, M.L. Sunde, and J.L. Greger. 1989a. Enhanced humoral immunity in progeny chicks fed practical diets supplemented with zinc. Appl. Agricul. Res. 4 86-89. 

Given single oral dose of radio Mo-99, as molybdate, or about 20-28 mg Fed diets containing 20 mg Mo/kg DW for 4.5 months diet supplemented with sulfur for 1 month at 1.2 g/kg feed Fed diets containing up to 107 mg Mo/kg for 14 days... 

Adults males given a choice between a control diet or diets with 5, 10, or 20 mg Se/kg ration as selenomethionine Adult males were fed diets supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg Se/kg ration as selenomethionine for 16-week exposure that began in November. Survivors were fed untreated diets for 4 more weeks... 

The rat has been used rather widely to study the relation between dietary protein, or acid salt feeding, and calcium loss. Barzel and Jowsey (19) showed that the rat fed a control diet supplemented with ammonium chloride excreted excessive urinary calcium, and experienced a concomitant loss of fat-free bone tissue. Draper, et al. (20) extending this work, reported an inverse relation between dietary phosphate and loss of bone calcium and dry, fat-free tissue. In subsequent studies (21), they reported that this process was accompanied by reduced serum calcium levels the high phosphorus, low calcium diet increased urinary calcium loss. Whereas, increasing the phosphorus content of the diet stopped the excessive urinary calcium loss. To test possible zinc loss that might result from this sort of acid salt feeding, Jacob and her coworkers (22) fed rats a supplement of ammonium chloride and then measured urinary zinc and calcium. The hypercalciuria occurred exclusive of an effect upon urinary zinc loss. 

Acidosis induced by salt feeding to humans influenced urinary calcium loss as effectively as feeding whole foods. Martin and Jones (25), for example, fed adult subjects a diet supplemented with ammonium chloride which resulted in marked hypercalciuria and an acidified urine. In a follow-up trial, feeding alkali as sodium bicarbonate, they also demonstrated that human hypercalciuria could be prevented by adding an alkaline supplement to the diet. 

---