Lymphocytes Proliferation

Glucocorticoids have inhibitory (apoptotic) effects on lymphocyte proliferation and are used to treat leukemias and lymphomas. Estrogens (fosfestrol) are used to block the effect of androgens in prostate cancer. Progestogens (megestrol, medroxyprogesteroneacetate) have been useful for treating endometrial carcinoma, renal tumors, and breast cancer. 

A rather unexpected stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation by ASON was frequently observed. Of note, the phosphorothiorate backbone of a given ASON... 

In addition to its classical role as regulator of calcium homeostasis, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol) displays immunosuppressive properties. Inhibition of T-lymphocyte proliferation seems to be mediated via regulation of CD80/86 costimulatory molecule expression on APCs. For clinical use as immunosuppressant, however, analogues of vitamin D3 that do not influence calcium metabolism are needed. 

IFN-a was first nsed empirically in chronic hepatitis B in 1986 (Peters et al. 1986). The effect of hnman recombinant IFN-a on lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation was stndied in 18 patients with chronic hepatitis B. Inhibition of immnnoglob-nlin synthesis was observed, and the anthors postnlated that the immnnomodnlatory effect of IFN-a could be important in the therapentic response of chronic hepatitis B (Peters et al. 1986). The first study to evaluate the antiviral efficacy of IFN-a involved nine patients, who received different doses administered three times a week for two weeks. Two of them entered snstained remission, with nndetectable HBV DNA, loss of HBeAg, and ALT normalization (Dooley et al. 1986). Two forms of IFN-a have been used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, namely standard and pegylated IFN-a. 

Phoca vitulina), pups were dosed PCBs and effects measured on mitogen-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation (Levin et al. 2004). A positive correlation was found between PCB concentrations in blubber and both T-cell mitogen- and B-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. 

Levin, M., De Guise, S., and Ross, P. (2004). Association between lymphocyter proliferation and PCBs in free-ranging harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) pups from British Columbia. Canada Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 1247-1252. 

Beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol glucoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation Implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. International JImmunopharmacology, 18(12) 693-700. 

Lactoferrin resembles transferrin in terms of molecular weight, amino-acid sequence homology and number of Fe(lII) binding sites. Lactoferrin is released from activated PMNs upon degranulation and may play a role in myelopoiesis, primary antibody response, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production and complement activation. 

Cerqueira, F. Corderio-Da-Silva, A. Gaspar-Marques, C. Simoes, F. Pinto, M. M. M. Nascimento, M. S. J. Effect of abietane diterpenes from Plectranthus grandidentatus on T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 217-223. 

Rat Organic versus conventionally grown wheat, fed at well-nourished or protein-energy-malnourished levels In vitro lymphocyte proliferation response and acute phase proteins not different between organic and conventional wheat when fed at well nourished or protein-energy-malnourished levels. (Finamore et al., 2004)... 

In vitro lymphocyte proliferation in media containing rat serum compared with foetal calf serum was lower in rats fed conventional wheat compared with organic wheat in protein-energy-malnourished rats. Conventional wheat represented higher risk for lymphocyte function than organic wheat in vulnerable conditions for the rat ... 

Aattouri N., Bouras M., Tome D., Marcos A. and Lemonnier D. (2001). Oral ingestion of lactic acid bacteria by rats increases lymphocyte proliferation and interferon -production . Br JNutr, 87, 367-373. 

Leflunomide (Arava) inhibits pyrimidine synthesis, which reduces lymphocyte proliferation and modulation of inflammation. Its efficacy for RA is similar to that of MTX. 

Theophylline appears to produce bronchodilation by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, which may also result in antiinflammatory and other nonbronchodilator activity through decreased mast cell mediator release, decreased eosinophil basic protein release, decreased T-lymphocyte proliferation, decreased T-cell cytokine release, and decreased plasma exudation. 

Albina, J.E. and Henry, W.L., Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation through the nitric oxide synthesizing pathway, J. Surg. Res., 50, 403, 1991. 

Bayer, B.M., Gastonguay, M.R., and Hernandez, M.C., Distinction between the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of morphine on lymphocyte proliferation based on agonist sensitivity and naltrexone reversibility, Immunopharmacology, 23, 117, 1992. 

Razani-Boroujerdi, S., Edwards, B. and Sopori, M.L., Lead stimulates lymphocyte proliferation through enhanced T cell-B cell interaction, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288, 714, 1999. 

Ex vivo studies have revealed that trichothecenes can both inhibit and stimulate leukocyte function.12 For example, trichothecenes are toxic to alveolar macrophages,13 but drive differentiation of human myeloid leukemic cells.14 Dose-dependent decreases or increases in B- and T-cell mitogen responses are observable in lymphocytes from animals exposed to T-2 toxin, DON, or various macrocyclic trichothecenes these toxins similarly impair or enhance mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.12 Rank order of inhibitor potency in rodent and human lymphocyte proliferation assays is Type D > Type A group > Type B group and is dependent on degree of acylation as well as of uptake and metabolism. 

The immunotoxicology of metals in fishes has been reviewed elsewhere [74-76, 45], Overall, the immune systems of fishes are highly sensitive to metals, although the effects are not always suppression of immune functions. Burnett [76] demonstrated that low levels of metals increased intracellular calcium, increased protein phosphorylation, and stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in fish. Since most metals are toxic to both the nervous system and the immune system, a neuroendocrine-immune link to immuno-toxicity from metal exposure is likely. 

Immunophenotyping Phagocytosis Respiratory burst NK cell activity Lymphocyte proliferation CD45R expression IL-2R expression 62-integrin Immunoglobulins Cytokines Immunogenetics... 

Walsh, C.J., Luer, C. A., and Noyes, D.R., Effects of environmental stressors on lymphocyte proliferation in Florida manatees, Trichecus manatus latirostris, Vet. Immunol. Immuno-pathol., 103, 247, 2005. 

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