Immune system effects

A limited study in animals also presents evidence for increased susceptibility to Streptococcus zooepidomicus (Aran d et al. 1986). Immune system effects observed in mice exposed orally to trichloroethylene included inhibition of cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and inhibition of antibody-mediated immunity (Sanders et al. 1982). Female mice appeared to be more sensitive than male mice. A study in which a susceptible strain of mice was treated with intraperitoneal injections of trichloroethylene suggests that trichloroethylene can accelerate the autoimmune response (Khan et al. 1995). The immune system may be a sensitive end point for toxic effects from low-level exposure to trichloroethylene however, no firm conclusions can be drawn from the available information. Additional human and animal studies are needed to better characterize this end point and determine the potential for immunological effects for people exposed to trichloroethylene at hazardous waste sites. 

Immune system effects Evidence of adverse effects Suggestive animal studies No basis for concern identified... 

The priority effects are carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive or developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. Human toxicity is broader than priority effects, including acute toxicity, systemic toxicity (organ effects), immune system effects and skin/eye/respiratory damageaswellasthepriority effects. And toxicity as T includes both human toxicity and ecotoxicity. 

Finally, a particularly interesting ongoing challenge will be to understand the potential for do-it-yourself immune stimulation to have unintended consequences. There are now many herbal supplements, functional foods and other over-the-counter products that promise to boost the immune response and most are considered to be safe for use by the general public. Although there is limited published evidence of adverse immune system effects of these materials, some have been associated with autoimmunity [95,96], See chapter 11 for a detailed discussion of the beneficial and potential adverse effects of nutraceuticals and functional foods. 

Specific tests are proposed for each of these categories. It notes that immune system effects in noclinical toxicology studies are often attributed and written off as due to stress (Aden and Cohen, 1993). Such effects are frequently reversible with repeat dosing and tend not to be dose-related. It is also proposed that when possible... 

If we consider both the specific immunotoxicity assays surveyed earlier in this chapter and the arrays of endpoints evaluated in traditional toxicology studies, which may be indicative of an immune system effect, these guidelines leave many potential questions unanswered. As additional data on individual endpoints indicative of... 

Immune system effects It is not known whether daclizumab use will have a long-term effect on the ability of the immune system to respond to antigens first encountered during daclizumab-induced immunosuppression. 

Block KI, Mead AIN. Immune system effects of echinacea, ainsena, and astragalus a review. Inteer Cancer Ther. 2003 2 247-267. 

For these reasons, determining the nature, predictability, and reversibility of immune system effects become a critical factor in weighing the risk-benefit ration of an phase 1 trial in healthy volunteers, as well as the determining a safe starting dose, safe maximum dose, and methods for monitoring potential immunotoxicity in these subjects. Over the past decade single-dose PK and safety trials of biopharmaceuticals in healthy volunteers have often preceded initial patient studies, even for products with known immunomodulatory effects at the anticipated therapeutic chronic dose exposure. 

Pulmonary damage develops in rodents chronically exposed to aerosols of nickel dust, NiCb, or NiO. Divalent nickel salts cause hyperglycemia, immune system effects, kidney damage, liver damage, and heart effects in experimental animals by parenteral administration. These compounds... 

While the immune system is highly regulated by complex interactions, both between components of the system and between immune and nonimmune organ systems, xenobiotics can modulate the immune system effecting either up - or down -regulation of the process. Inhaled chemicals may provoke a variety of different responses, including (1) reduction of normal immune response - immunosuppression resulting in an increased incidence of... 

Block, K. and Mead, M. 2003. Immune system effects of Echinachea, Ginseng, and Astragalus A review. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2, 247-267. 

The chemical is banned. PBBs may not be used for the production of textile articles (clothes, underwear, bedclothes, etc.) to come into contact with human skin. All other uses than the use in textile articles intended to come in contact with the skin are continued. PBBs cause weight loss, liver damage, porphyria, effects on the central nervous system, skin, eyes and the immune system, effects on reproduction, they are weakly teratogenic (embryotoxic) in cattle and laboratory animals. 

Studies of rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits showed that intermediate-duration exposures to relatively high doses of commercial PCB mixtures caused morphological and functional alterations in the immune system. Effects observed in these species included thymic and splenic atrophy, reduced antibody... 

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