Oral Formulation

Optoelectronics Optosil Oraflex Oragrafin Oral care products Oral contraceptives Oral formulations Oral polio virus vaccine Oral toxicity Oramec Orange... 

As of 1994, there were approximately 47 progestin-containing contraceptive dmg formulations sold in the United States for use as oral contraceptives (Table 3). In addition, there are three nonoral contraceptive formulations containing progestins ie, one injectable (Depo-Provera), one as an intrauterine device (lUD) (Progestasert), and one implantable (Norplant). Of the oral formulations, all but two also contain an estrogen component, ethynylestradiol. 

The number of microencapsulated commercial oral formulations available and the volume of these formulations sold annuaUy is comparatively smaU. This may reflect the difficulty of developing new dmg formulations and bringing them successfully to market or the fact that existing microencapsulation techniques have had difficulty economically producing mictocapsules that meet the strict performance requirements of the pharmaceutical industry. One appHcation that is a particularly active area of development is mictocapsules or microspheres for oral deUvery of vaccines (45,46). 

For many years oral xanthines, shown in Table 2, were the preferred first-line treatment for asthma in the United States, and if the aerosol and oral formulations of P2" go sts are considered separately, as they are in Table 1, this was still the case in 1989. Within this class of compounds theophylline (8), or one of its various salt forms, such as aminophylline [317-34-0] (theophylline ethylenediamine 2 l), have been the predominant agents. Theophylline, 1,3-dimethylxanthine [58-55-9], is but one member of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids. Two more common alkaloids are theobromine (9), isomeric with theophylline and the principal alkaloid in cacao beans, and caffeine, (10), 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine [58-08-2], found in coffee and tea. 

Ivermectin is widely used as an endectocide for catde as an injectable, oral, topical, or slow release bolus for sheep as an injectable or oral formulation for swine as an injectable for horses as a paste or drench and for goats as an injectable or oral formulation. Ivermectin has recently been introduced for heartworm prophylaxis in dogs and it is being studied for use with cats, many other mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. 

Oral formulations of metformin are rapidly and completely absorbed. The agent is poorly bound to plasma proteins its duration of action is determined exclusively by renal elimination. Higher concentrations of metformin than in most tissues are found in the intestinal mucosa, giving tise to common side effects (irritation, diarrhoea etc.). 

WO 9 626 726 (Hoechst Marion Roussel appl. 26.1.1996 USA-prior. 12.12.1995, 28.2.1995). oral formulations in solvent comp, propylene glycol ... 

Cannabinoids have antiemetic activity when used alone or in combination with other antiemetics.5 Dronabinol and nabilone are commercially available oral formulations used for preventing and treating refractory CINV.5,10 Dronabinol is also used to treat anorexia and weight loss associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Cannabinoids are thought to exert their antiemetic effect centrally, although the exact mechanism of action is unknown.1,10 Sedation, euphoria, hypotension, ataxia, dizziness, and vision difficulties can occur with cannabinoids. 

Describe advantages and disadvantages of various contraceptives, including both oral and non-oral formulations. 

Parenteral iron therapy may be appropriate in cases where patients are unable to tolerate the oral formulation because of toxicities or compliance. In addition, those who have documented iron-deficiency anemia and have not responded to... 

Oral Formulations Ferrous sulfate Feosol 65 mg/325-mg tablet... 

Parenteral iron therapy currently is available in three different formulations, which are listed in Table 63-3. Iron dex-tran was the first parenteral iron formulation to be approved, followed by ferric gluconate, and then iron sucrose. Although these newer agents are only approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat anemia associated with CKD in patients receiving erythropoietin products, they are effective in treating iron-deficiency anemia as well. Iron dextran is FDA approved for treating documented iron deficiency in patients who are unable to tolerate the oral formulation. 

Pilbrant, A., Cederberg, C., Development of an oral formulation of omeprazole, Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 1985, 308, 113-120. 

Sumatriptan is available for oral, intranasal, and SC administration. The SC injection is packaged as an autoinjector device for self-administration by patients. When compared with the oral formulation, SC administration offers enhanced efficacy and a more rapid onset of action (10 vs. 30 minutes). Intranasal sumatriptan also has a faster onset of effect (15 minutes) than the oral formulation and produces similar rates of response. Approximately 30% to 40% of patients who respond to sumatriptan experience headache recurrence within 24 hours a second dose given at the time of recurrence is usually effective. However, routine administration of a second oral or SC dose does not improve initial efficacy rates or prevent subsequent recurrence. 

Zemplar (paricalcitol) injection is a synthetically manufactured selective vitamin D receptor activator (SVDRA) indicated for the prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5. The U.S. Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved a capsule form of Zemplar for development to satisfy a need for an oral formulation. The objective of study M04-693 was to assess the bioequivalencies of several dosage strengths of paricalcitol capsules under fasting conditions. 

Hebden JM, Perkins AC, Frier M, Wilson CG, Spiller RC. Limited exposure of left colon to daily dosed oral formulation in active distal ulcerative colitis explanation of poor response to treatment . Gut 1997 40 28A. 

The dissolution characteristics of oral formulations should be evaluated over the physiologic pH range of 1.2-6.8 [1.2-7.5 for modified release (MR) formulations]. During method development, it may be useful to measure the pH before and after a run to see if the pH changes during the test,... 

Bonviva consists of ibandronic acid, a bisphosphonate and is available as 150 mg tablets and 1 mg/mL injection. Patients receiving the oral formulation for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis are advised to take one tablet once a month. Absorption of bisphosphonates from the gastrointestinal tract may be effected by food or other administered drugs. Therefore patients are advised to take the Bonviva 150 mg tablet at least 1 hour before breakfast or another oral medicine and to continue standing or sitting upright for at least 1 hour after administration. 

Q34 For which of the following drugs is a long-acting oral formulation available ... 

The AUCs can be obtained by administration of intravenous and oral formulations in a crossover study. It is important to use the exact dose rather... 

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