Intranasal inoculation

In a more recent study, Webster et al. (2006) report the expression and characterization of lettuce-derived measles vaccine. The MV-H protein expressed in lettuce was demonstrated to be immunogenic in mice following intraperitoneal injection in the absence of adjuvant in addition to intranasal inoculation in the presence of a mucosal adjuvant. The highest response was observed in mice primed first with MV-H DNA and then boosted with an oral formulation of freeze-dried MV-H lettuce in conjunction with a mucosal adjuvant. In addition to this, the type of immune response was found to depend largely on the manner in which MV-H is presented to the immune system. Secreted and soluble forms of MV-H were demonstrated to induce a Th2 type response, while membrane-bound MV-H protein was found to be associated with a Thl response. 

Key words Respiratory infection, Streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumonia, intranasal inoculation. 

Faber, H. K., and Gebhardt, L. D. (1938), Localizations of the virus of poliomyelitis. In the central nervous system during the pre-paralytic period, after intranasal inoculation, J. Exp. Med., 57, 933-954. 

In the earliest study,intranasal inoculation of BALB/c mice with a mutant RPV A35 in which the vCKBP-2 gene has been replaced by the LacZ gene had little difference in disease progression or mortality as compared to wild type RPV. Inoculation of rabbits with 500 PFU... 

Watson, R. F., Rothbard, S., and Swift, H. F. (1946). Type-specific protection and immunity following intranasal inoculation of monkeys with group A streptococci. J. Exp. Med. 84, 127-142. 

Lafay F, Coulon P, Astic L, et al. Spread of the CVS strain of rabies virus and of the avirulent mutant AvOl along the olfactory pathways of the mouse after intranasal inoculation. Virology. 1991 183(l) 320-330. 

Use a regular beveled needle for parenteral injections and a blunt needle or a cannula on a syringe for oral or intranasal inoculations. 

Hirabayashi Y, Knrata H, Funato H, Nagamine T, Aizawa C, Tamura S, Shimada K, Kurata T. 1990. Comparkon of intranasal inoculation of influenza HA vaccine combined with cholera toxin B subunit with oral or parenteral vaccination. Vaccine 8(3) 243-248. 

Takafuji, S., et al., Diesel-exhaust particulates inoculated by the intranasal route have an adjuvant activity for IgE production in mice, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 79, 639, 1987. 

In the mouse model described here, pneumonia is induced after the intranasal instillation of S. pneumoniae. When using this model for evaluation of antimicrobial agents, therapeutic treatment should start after the infection has already been established in the lungs (6-12 h after bacterial inoculation). 

Chatel, J. M., Langella, P, Adel-Patient, K., Commissaire, J., Wal, J. M., and Corthier, G. (2001), Induction of mucosal immune response after intranasal or oral inoculation of mice with Lactococcus lactis producing bovine beta-lactoglobulin, Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol., 8, 545-551. 

The antiviral activity of (5)-DHPA in vivo was assessed in mice inoculated intranasally with vesicular stomatitis virus ( 5)-DHPA significandy increased survival from the infection. (3)-DHPA did not significandy reduce DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis and is not a substrate for adenosine deaminase of either bacterial or mammalian origin. However, (5)-DHPA strongly inhibits deamination of adenosine and ara-A by adenosine deaminase. Its mode of action may be inhibition of X-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (61). Inhibition of SAH hydrolase results in the accumulation of SAH, which is a product inhibitor of 5-adenosyhnethionine-dependent methylation reactions. Such methylations are required for the maturation of vital mRNA, and hence inhibitors of SAH hydrolase may be expected to block virus replication by interference with viral mRNA methylation. 

Reports on the anti-influenza virus activity of natural PS are recorded in the literature. From a pine cone extract of Pinus parviflora Sieb. et Zucc., an acidic polysaccharide was isolated [115,116], This compound showed significant inhibition of both the viral protein synthesis in infected cells and virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. In animal models in vivo, most mice inoculated intranasally or intracerebrally with lethal doses of the influenza virus A/WSN/33 died within 12 days. However, the infectivity of the virus that had been... 

The effects of virus infection with the TrD strain of VEE on the CNS also demonstrated considerable species variability. Mice exhibited a severe paralytic episode prior to death from diffuse encephalomyelitis.89,90 Monkeys, however, showed few if any clinical signs of CNS involvement following peripheral inoculation, and only modest pathological changes in the CNS (found mainly in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and olfactory areas of the brain).90 However, the extent of neuroinvasion in animals is also a function of both the strain of VEE and the route of infection. Cynomolgus monkeys infected by the intranasal route developed immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies in the cerebrospinal... 

The occurrence of obesity was correlated with the neurovirulence of the virus strain (Bernard et al, 1999). Prior vaccination with a vaccinia recombinant coding for CDV surface antigens partially protected against acute encephalitis and obesity (Sixt et al., 1998 Wild et al., 1993). Neuroadapted CDV strain inoculation by other routes (intranasal, footpad, and subcutaneous) does not produce obesity, suggesting that viral replication in the brain is a prerequisite for development of obesity, as suggested by Bernard et al. (1999). 

Figure 6. Comparison of the serum antibody levels at various times following inoculation with a synthetic peptide injected alone or in the presence of adjuvant. Synthetic peptide delivered (1) intranasally and covalently coupled to Pam3Cys (2) intraperitoneally and covalently coupled to Pam3Cys (3) intraperitoneally emulsified in CFA (4) intraperitoneally and covalently coupled to two palmitic acid molecules (S) intraperitoneally and covalently coupled to a cholesterol molecule (6) intraperitoneally in normal saline. The arrows indicate the times of immunisation. The right hand side of the figure is a representation of the structure of the synthetic peptide with Pam3Cys attached at the N-terminus. The three palmitic acid residues of the Pam3Cys moiety are seen at the bottom of the model.

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